Systematics of Gripopterygidae Enderlein, 1909 (Insecta: Plecoptera): cladistic analyses of Gripopteryginae with notes on Brazilian species and revision and phylogeny of Paragripopteryx Enderlein, 1909

• Autor(a) principal: Simões, Tácio Vitor Duarte
• Data de Publicação: 2019
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: eng
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
• Texto Completo: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-24072019-144108/
• topic: Aquatic insects; Caracteres morfológicos; Filogenética; Insetos aquáticos; Morphological characters; Neotropical region; Phylogenetic; Plecópteros; Região neotropical; Stoneflies

Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) includes 54 genera and about 320 species, 100 of them recorded from South America. Although recent molecular analysis does not support all subfamilies, the family is traditionally divided into five subfamilies, being Gripopteryginae endemic to South America, comprising 15 genera and about 80 species. Among the genera of this subfamily, the Neotropical Paragripopteryx Enderlein currently comprises 14 species. The genus occurs along the coastal Brazilian mountains, from northeast of Bahia State to Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, while two species are restricted to Uruguay. According to traditional studies, the intergeneric relationships in Gripopterygidae and the delimitation of the current South American subfamilies (including Gripopteryginae) need to be reviewed. Considering Paragripopteryx, the genus has been defined based only on combination of morphological characters, without synapomorphies, therefore, the genus needs to be better delimited. As an attempt to understand the phylogenetic relationships in these two taxa (Gripopteryginae and Paragripopteryx), we performed two cladistic analyses based on morphological characters. As regards the Gripopteryginae, we used a dataset with 51 characters and 43 terminal taxa. In the case of Paragripopteryx, we used a dataset with 39 characters and 31 terminal taxa. We used Parsimony analysis with equal and implied weighting of characters (varying k-values: k = 315) and considered all characters as nonadditive. In the first approach, we recovered Neopentura semifusca outside the delimitation of Gripopteryginae and closer to Antarctoperlinae. Based on our results and considering the previous morphological analysis, we reclassified this genus in Antarctoperlinae. All other Gripopteryginae remained nested in a clade as sister of Australian Leptoperlinae, being this clade supported by a single synapomorphy: the sixth anal vein fused to wing margin in hind wings. Gripopteryginae taxa were supported by three synapomorphies: the CuA vein forked in forewings; distal margin of central sclerite in T10 protruding/coming out; and the absence of posterior sclerite in T10. Considering the analyses for Paragripopteryx, P. munoai was recovered outside the current delimitation of Paragripopteryx. For this reason, a new genus in Gripopteryginae is proposed to house this species. All other Paragripopteryx species remained nested in a clade supported by a single synapomorphy: the presence of pterostigmatic crossvein in forewings. In parallel to the phylogenetic study, we performed a revision of Paragripopteryx with the description of three new species and synonymy of P. crassila with P. klapaleki. Finally, we present an updated list of Brazilian Gripopterygidae with some notes, and the description of a new species of Tupiperla