Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Jordão, Elisa Mari Akagi
Data de Publicação: 2019
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Texto Completo: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-20012020-104402/
Resumo: Orienting of attention is considered to occur at least in two distinct ways, i.e. exogenously (or reflexive) or endogenously (or voluntary). However, evidence suggests that endogenous orienting of attention could involve both voluntary and automatized processes. The main objective of the three studies reported here was to differentiate, behaviorally and electrophysiologically, the temporal course of a voluntary process from an automatized process involved in endogenous orienting of attention. The experiments were designed to investigate the effects of voluntary orienting of attention when avoiding the possibility of an automatization usually observed after repetitive contiguous presentation of a cue and a target. For this, two variants of the classic cueing task were created. In the first chapter the task consisted of presenting a relevant visual stimulus between the cue and target presentation to prevent the contiguity of these stimuli. The results indicated that voluntary shift of attention appears to occur only at time intervals longer than 150 ms while automatized orienting occurs at times as short as 150 ms. For the task on the second chapter the symbolic cue was different for each trial requiring a new interpretation of its spatial meaning, and thus avoiding repetitive presentation of a single cue followed by the target at a location. It was observed that when there is a conflict in the interpretation of the cue the voluntary orienting of attention is impaired, but may still occur at a time interval of 250 ms. This impairment in shifting attention would related to a decrease in target decoding in working visual memory demonstrated by electrophysiological results. Moreover, chapter three investigated the time course required for automatized and voluntary orienting of attention processes using different types of cues such as arrows, geometric shapes associated with direction of attention in space, and a choice cue to which the subject could freely choose which side to direct her attention to. It was observed that the time courses of orienting attention are similar for processes involving cues associated with locations and choice cue, and may occur at time intervals as short as 200 ms. However, an automatized orienting of attention triggered by arrow cues has a much shorter time course. Thus, the results indicate that voluntary orienting of attention even without the interference of automatized processes can occur at shorter time intervals than the expected. This would be due to a facilitation of task performance related to a well-established contingencies in the task and the presence of many repetitions allowing learning mechanisms to reinforce processes involved on the task. From these evidences, a theoretical hypothesis was structured around the idea that the distinctions of an automatized endogenous orientation (fast and effortless) or voluntary (slow and effortful) would be related to the strengthening of the association between the cue and the indicated location that varies on a continuum from reinforcement mechanisms that would depend on the function of working memory components and their connection to long-term memory
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spelling Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?É possí­vel dissociar um processo voluntário de um processo automatizado na orientação endógena da atenção em humanos?AutomatizadaAutomatizedEndogenous orienting of attentionOrientação endógena da atençãoTarefa de PosnerVisuospatial cueing taksVoluntáriaVoluntaryOrienting of attention is considered to occur at least in two distinct ways, i.e. exogenously (or reflexive) or endogenously (or voluntary). However, evidence suggests that endogenous orienting of attention could involve both voluntary and automatized processes. The main objective of the three studies reported here was to differentiate, behaviorally and electrophysiologically, the temporal course of a voluntary process from an automatized process involved in endogenous orienting of attention. The experiments were designed to investigate the effects of voluntary orienting of attention when avoiding the possibility of an automatization usually observed after repetitive contiguous presentation of a cue and a target. For this, two variants of the classic cueing task were created. In the first chapter the task consisted of presenting a relevant visual stimulus between the cue and target presentation to prevent the contiguity of these stimuli. The results indicated that voluntary shift of attention appears to occur only at time intervals longer than 150 ms while automatized orienting occurs at times as short as 150 ms. For the task on the second chapter the symbolic cue was different for each trial requiring a new interpretation of its spatial meaning, and thus avoiding repetitive presentation of a single cue followed by the target at a location. It was observed that when there is a conflict in the interpretation of the cue the voluntary orienting of attention is impaired, but may still occur at a time interval of 250 ms. This impairment in shifting attention would related to a decrease in target decoding in working visual memory demonstrated by electrophysiological results. Moreover, chapter three investigated the time course required for automatized and voluntary orienting of attention processes using different types of cues such as arrows, geometric shapes associated with direction of attention in space, and a choice cue to which the subject could freely choose which side to direct her attention to. It was observed that the time courses of orienting attention are similar for processes involving cues associated with locations and choice cue, and may occur at time intervals as short as 200 ms. However, an automatized orienting of attention triggered by arrow cues has a much shorter time course. Thus, the results indicate that voluntary orienting of attention even without the interference of automatized processes can occur at shorter time intervals than the expected. This would be due to a facilitation of task performance related to a well-established contingencies in the task and the presence of many repetitions allowing learning mechanisms to reinforce processes involved on the task. From these evidences, a theoretical hypothesis was structured around the idea that the distinctions of an automatized endogenous orientation (fast and effortless) or voluntary (slow and effortful) would be related to the strengthening of the association between the cue and the indicated location that varies on a continuum from reinforcement mechanisms that would depend on the function of working memory components and their connection to long-term memoryConsidera-se que a orientação da atenção ocorre pelo menos de duas formas distintas, i.e., exogenamente (ou orientação reflexiva) ou endogenamente (ou orientação voluntária). No entanto, evidências sugerem que a orientação endógena da atenção poderia envolver tanto processos voluntários como também processos automatizados. O principal objetivo dos três estudos aqui relatados foi diferenciar, comportamental e eletrofisiologicamente, o curso temporal da orientação endógena da atenção envolvendo processos voluntários e automatizados. Os experimentos foram delineados para investigar os efeitos da orientação voluntária da atenção evitando-se a possibilidade de automatização usualmente observada após apresentação contígua repetitiva de uma pista com um alvo. Para isso, foram criadas duas variantes da tarefa clássica de Posner. No primeiro capítulo a tarefa consistia em apresentar um estímulo visual relevante entre a apresentação da pista e do alvo para evitar a contiguidade desses estímulos. Os resultados indicaram que a orientação voluntária da atenção parece ocorrer somente em intervalos de tempo mais longos do que 150 ms enquanto que a orientação automatizada ocorre em intervalos de tempo tão curtos quanto 150 ms. Na tarefa do segundo capítulo a pista simbólica era modificada a cada tentativa sendo necessário uma nova interpretação de seu significado espacial e evitando, assim, a apresentação repetitiva de uma só pista seguida do alvo em um local. Observou-se que quando há um conflito na interpretação da pista a orientação voluntária da atenção é prejudicada, porém ainda podendo ocorrer em intervalos de tempo de 250 ms. Esse prejuízo na orientação da atenção estaria relacionado com uma diminuição da decodificação do alvo na memória visual operacional demonstrado pelos resultados eletrofisiológicos. De modo distinto, no capítulo três, foi investigado o curso temporal necessário para processos automatizados e voluntários da orientação da atenção utilizando diferentes tipos de pistas como flechas, formas geométricas associadas a direcionamentos da atenção no espaço, e uma pista de escolha a qual o sujeito era livre para escolher qual lado orientar sua atenção. Foi observado que o curso temporal da orientação da atenção é similar para processos envolvendo pistas associadas a locais e pista de escolha, e podem ocorrer em intervalos de tempo de 200 ms. Porém, a orientação da atenção automatizada por um aprendizado de longa duração como o caso das flechas apresenta um curso temporal muito mais curto. Assim, os resultados indicam que a orientação da atenção voluntária mesmo sem a interferência de processos automatizados pode ocorrer em intervalos de tempo mais curtos do que o esperado. Isso se daria devido a uma facilitação da realização da tarefa, a qual estaria relacionada com contingências bem estabelecidas na tarefa e a presença de muitas repetições permitindo que mecanismos de aprendizagem reforcem o desempenho. A partir dessas evidências, uma hipótese teórica foi estruturada em torno da ideia de que as distinções de uma orientação endógena automatizada (rápida e fácil) ou voluntária (lenta e custosa) estariam relacionadas ao fortalecimento da associação entre a pista e o local indicado que varia em um continuum a partir de mecanismos de reforço que dependeriam da função dos componentes da memória operacional e sua conexão com a memória de longo prazoBiblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USPXavier, Gilberto FernandoJordão, Elisa Mari Akagi2019-10-16info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisapplication/pdfhttp://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-20012020-104402/reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USPinstname:Universidade de São Paulo (USP)instacron:USPLiberar o conteúdo para acesso público.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesseng2022-01-19T12:59:59Zoai:teses.usp.br:tde-20012020-104402Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttp://www.teses.usp.br/PUBhttp://www.teses.usp.br/cgi-bin/mtd2br.plvirginia@if.usp.br|| atendimento@aguia.usp.br||virginia@if.usp.bropendoar:27212022-01-19T12:59:59Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP - Universidade de São Paulo (USP)false
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
É possí­vel dissociar um processo voluntário de um processo automatizado na orientação endógena da atenção em humanos?
title Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
spellingShingle Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
Jordão, Elisa Mari Akagi
Automatizada
Automatized
Endogenous orienting of attention
Orientação endógena da atenção
Tarefa de Posner
Visuospatial cueing taks
Voluntária
Voluntary
title_short Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
title_full Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
title_fullStr Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
title_full_unstemmed Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
title_sort Is it possible to dissociate a voluntary process from a automatized process in endogenous orienting of attention in humans?
author Jordão, Elisa Mari Akagi
author_facet Jordão, Elisa Mari Akagi
author_role author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Xavier, Gilberto Fernando
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Jordão, Elisa Mari Akagi
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Automatizada
Automatized
Endogenous orienting of attention
Orientação endógena da atenção
Tarefa de Posner
Visuospatial cueing taks
Voluntária
Voluntary
topic Automatizada
Automatized
Endogenous orienting of attention
Orientação endógena da atenção
Tarefa de Posner
Visuospatial cueing taks
Voluntária
Voluntary
description Orienting of attention is considered to occur at least in two distinct ways, i.e. exogenously (or reflexive) or endogenously (or voluntary). However, evidence suggests that endogenous orienting of attention could involve both voluntary and automatized processes. The main objective of the three studies reported here was to differentiate, behaviorally and electrophysiologically, the temporal course of a voluntary process from an automatized process involved in endogenous orienting of attention. The experiments were designed to investigate the effects of voluntary orienting of attention when avoiding the possibility of an automatization usually observed after repetitive contiguous presentation of a cue and a target. For this, two variants of the classic cueing task were created. In the first chapter the task consisted of presenting a relevant visual stimulus between the cue and target presentation to prevent the contiguity of these stimuli. The results indicated that voluntary shift of attention appears to occur only at time intervals longer than 150 ms while automatized orienting occurs at times as short as 150 ms. For the task on the second chapter the symbolic cue was different for each trial requiring a new interpretation of its spatial meaning, and thus avoiding repetitive presentation of a single cue followed by the target at a location. It was observed that when there is a conflict in the interpretation of the cue the voluntary orienting of attention is impaired, but may still occur at a time interval of 250 ms. This impairment in shifting attention would related to a decrease in target decoding in working visual memory demonstrated by electrophysiological results. Moreover, chapter three investigated the time course required for automatized and voluntary orienting of attention processes using different types of cues such as arrows, geometric shapes associated with direction of attention in space, and a choice cue to which the subject could freely choose which side to direct her attention to. It was observed that the time courses of orienting attention are similar for processes involving cues associated with locations and choice cue, and may occur at time intervals as short as 200 ms. However, an automatized orienting of attention triggered by arrow cues has a much shorter time course. Thus, the results indicate that voluntary orienting of attention even without the interference of automatized processes can occur at shorter time intervals than the expected. This would be due to a facilitation of task performance related to a well-established contingencies in the task and the presence of many repetitions allowing learning mechanisms to reinforce processes involved on the task. From these evidences, a theoretical hypothesis was structured around the idea that the distinctions of an automatized endogenous orientation (fast and effortless) or voluntary (slow and effortful) would be related to the strengthening of the association between the cue and the indicated location that varies on a continuum from reinforcement mechanisms that would depend on the function of working memory components and their connection to long-term memory
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019-10-16
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
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