Systematic and biogeography of Leptoceridae (Trichoptera) with review of Achoropsyche Holzenthal, 1984

• Autor(a) principal: Dias, Everton Santos
• Data de Publicação: 2020
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: eng
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
• Texto Completo: https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-17062021-185152/
• topic: BayArea; Bayarea; Bayesian inference; BioGeoBears; Divergence time; Inferência Bayesiana; Long-horned caddisflies; Morfologia; Neotropical region; Parcimônia; Parsimony; Região neotropical; Scanning electron microscopy; Tempo de divergência

Our study is divided into two chapters. The first is a phylogenetic proposition based on molecular data for the Leptoceridae family estimating the divergence time between clades and proposing a hypothesis of historical biogeography for family. In order to achieve these objectives, we use the database of the first phylogenetic proposition of the family based on molecular data, which is available on GenBank. This referred proposition used 33 genera and did not estimate the time of divergence. In this context, we added to the matrix the data of five more genera (Amazonatolica, Amphoropsyche, Leptecho, Neoathripsodes and Russobex), using 38 of the 46 genera of Leptoceridae. The sequences were aligned using the MAFFT platform with the E-INS-i protocol. Models of nucleotide substitution were selected using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) in jModelTest 2 through the CIPRES platform. The Bayesian inference was implemented in MrBayes through the CIPRES platform. The diversification times was inferred using a relaxed clock through the BEAST 2 platform using fossils and data from the literature as calibration points. A biogeographic analysis was implemented on the R package BioGeoBears. Our results suggested the origin of Leptoceridae about 130 million years ago (MYA) in the supercontinent Gondwana with a first cladogenesis separating two big clades: (Leptorussinae + Triplectidinae), and (Grumichelinae + Leptocerinae). The divergence between these two big lineages is congruent with the division of Gondwana around 135 (MYA) into two blocks: Western Gondwana and Eastern Gondwana. The Leptorussinae + Triplectidinae clade has a possible ancestral range of distribution in Eastern Gondwana, while the Grumichellinae + Leptocerinae clade with a possible ancestral range distribution in Western Gondwana. The second chapter consists of the reanalysis of specimens of the monotypic genus Achoropsyche deposited in some collections. This genus occurs in the Neotropical region (from Venezuela to Argentina) and has an unusually widespread distribution for an only one species. With the reanalysis of these specimens, we are proposing five new species, four for Brazil and one for Ecuador. In addition, we propose a phylogeny based on morphological data to understand the evolution of the characters and the relationship between species. The data matrix was performed at Mesquite and the phylogenetic analyzes were performed using the Parsimony criterion implemented in the TNT software. Additionally, we perform a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze ultra-structures of the head, thorax and abdomen. The phylogenetic approach associated with the SEM photos has enabled us to redefine the diagnosis of the genus. In addition, we are proposing an identification key for males of the genus and a map of species distribution.