Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2012 |
Outros Autores: | |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | São Paulo medical journal (Online) |
Texto Completo: | http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802012000300009 |
Resumo: | Gynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy. |
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Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatmentBreastGynecomastiaSurgeryAdolescentEndocrine system diseasesGynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy.Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM2012-01-01info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontext/htmlhttp://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802012000300009Sao Paulo Medical Journal v.130 n.3 2012reponame:São Paulo medical journal (Online)instname:Associação Paulista de Medicinainstacron:APM10.1590/S1516-31802012000300009info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessBarros,Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas deSampaio,Marcelo de Castro Mouraeng2012-07-12T00:00:00Zoai:scielo:S1516-31802012000300009Revistahttp://www.scielo.br/spmjhttps://old.scielo.br/oai/scielo-oai.phprevistas@apm.org.br1806-94601516-3180opendoar:2012-07-12T00:00São Paulo medical journal (Online) - Associação Paulista de Medicinafalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
title |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
spellingShingle |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment Barros,Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Breast Gynecomastia Surgery Adolescent Endocrine system diseases |
title_short |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
title_full |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
title_fullStr |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
title_full_unstemmed |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
title_sort |
Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
author |
Barros,Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de |
author_facet |
Barros,Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Sampaio,Marcelo de Castro Moura |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Sampaio,Marcelo de Castro Moura |
author2_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Barros,Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Sampaio,Marcelo de Castro Moura |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Breast Gynecomastia Surgery Adolescent Endocrine system diseases |
topic |
Breast Gynecomastia Surgery Adolescent Endocrine system diseases |
description |
Gynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy. |
publishDate |
2012 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2012-01-01 |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802012000300009 |
url |
http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802012000300009 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1590/S1516-31802012000300009 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
text/html |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Sao Paulo Medical Journal v.130 n.3 2012 reponame:São Paulo medical journal (Online) instname:Associação Paulista de Medicina instacron:APM |
instname_str |
Associação Paulista de Medicina |
instacron_str |
APM |
institution |
APM |
reponame_str |
São Paulo medical journal (Online) |
collection |
São Paulo medical journal (Online) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
São Paulo medical journal (Online) - Associação Paulista de Medicina |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
revistas@apm.org.br |
_version_ |
1754209263394226176 |