Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Ceccarelli, Giancarlo
Data de Publicação: 2021
Outros Autores: Giovanetti, Marta, Sagnelli, Caterina, Ciccozzi, Alessandra, d’Ettorre, Gabriella, Angeletti, Silvia, Borsetti, Alessandra, Ciccozzi, Massimo
Tipo de documento: Artigo
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
Texto Completo: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/51444
Resumo: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome. Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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spelling Ceccarelli, GiancarloGiovanetti, MartaSagnelli, CaterinaCiccozzi, Alessandrad’Ettorre, GabriellaAngeletti, SilviaBorsetti, AlessandraCiccozzi, Massimo2022-02-23T20:37:23Z2022-02-23T20:37:23Z2021CECCARELLI, Giancarlo et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens, v. 10, 1377, p. 1 - 13, Oct. 2021.2076-0817https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/5144410.3390/ pathogens10111377engMDPIHIV-2AIDSEpídemiologiaHIV-2AIDSEpidemiologyHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threatinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome. Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Flavivírus. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. Armanni 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome. 00100 Rome, Italy.Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome. Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome. 00100 Rome, Italy.National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità. 00100 Rome, Italy.Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome. 00100 Rome, Italy.West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1- positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)instacron:FIOCRUZLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82991https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/51444/1/license.txt5a560609d32a3863062d77ff32785d58MD51ORIGINALSilviaAngeletti_MartaGiovanetti_etal_IOC_2021.pdfSilviaAngeletti_MartaGiovanetti_etal_IOC_2021.pdfapplication/pdf1094282https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/51444/2/SilviaAngeletti_MartaGiovanetti_etal_IOC_2021.pdfa1f48fcbb29bf7b10d1b59a37584947fMD52icict/514442023-09-05 10:15:33.879oai:www.arca.fiocruz.br:icict/51444Q0VTU8ODTyBOw4NPIEVYQ0xVU0lWQSBERSBESVJFSVRPUyBBVVRPUkFJUwoKQW8gYWNlaXRhciBvcyBURVJNT1MgZSBDT05EScOHw5VFUyBkZXN0YSBDRVNTw4NPLCBvIEFVVE9SIGUvb3UgVElUVUxBUiBkZSBkaXJlaXRvcwphdXRvcmFpcyBzb2JyZSBhIE9CUkEgZGUgcXVlIHRyYXRhIGVzdGUgZG9jdW1lbnRvOgoKKDEpIENFREUgZSBUUkFOU0ZFUkUsIHRvdGFsIGUgZ3JhdHVpdGFtZW50ZSwgw6AgRklPQ1JVWiAtIEZVTkRBw4fDg08gT1NXQUxETyBDUlVaLCBlbQpjYXLDoXRlciBwZXJtYW5lbnRlLCBpcnJldm9nw6F2ZWwgZSBOw4NPIEVYQ0xVU0lWTywgdG9kb3Mgb3MgZGlyZWl0b3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWlzIE7Dg08KQ09NRVJDSUFJUyBkZSB1dGlsaXphw6fDo28gZGEgT0JSQSBhcnTDrXN0aWNhIGUvb3UgY2llbnTDrWZpY2EgaW5kaWNhZGEgYWNpbWEsIGluY2x1c2l2ZSBvcyBkaXJlaXRvcwpkZSB2b3ogZSBpbWFnZW0gdmluY3VsYWRvcyDDoCBPQlJBLCBkdXJhbnRlIHRvZG8gbyBwcmF6byBkZSBkdXJhw6fDo28gZG9zIGRpcmVpdG9zIGF1dG9yYWlzLCBlbQpxdWFscXVlciBpZGlvbWEgZSBlbSB0b2RvcyBvcyBwYcOtc2VzOwoKKDIpIEFDRUlUQSBxdWUgYSBjZXNzw6NvIHRvdGFsIG7Do28gZXhjbHVzaXZhLCBwZXJtYW5lbnRlIGUgaXJyZXZvZ8OhdmVsIGRvcyBkaXJlaXRvcyBhdXRvcmFpcwpwYXRyaW1vbmlhaXMgbsOjbyBjb21lcmNpYWlzIGRlIHV0aWxpemHDp8OjbyBkZSBxdWUgdHJhdGEgZXN0ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8gaW5jbHVpLCBleGVtcGxpZmljYXRpdmFtZW50ZSwKb3MgZGlyZWl0b3MgZGUgZGlzcG9uaWJpbGl6YcOnw6NvIGUgY29tdW5pY2HDp8OjbyBww7pibGljYSBkYSBPQlJBLCBlbSBxdWFscXVlciBtZWlvIG91IHZlw61jdWxvLAppbmNsdXNpdmUgZW0gUmVwb3NpdMOzcmlvcyBEaWdpdGFpcywgYmVtIGNvbW8gb3MgZGlyZWl0b3MgZGUgcmVwcm9kdcOnw6NvLCBleGliacOnw6NvLCBleGVjdcOnw6NvLApkZWNsYW1hw6fDo28sIHJlY2l0YcOnw6NvLCBleHBvc2nDp8OjbywgYXJxdWl2YW1lbnRvLCBpbmNsdXPDo28gZW0gYmFuY28gZGUgZGFkb3MsIHByZXNlcnZhw6fDo28sIGRpZnVzw6NvLApkaXN0cmlidWnDp8OjbywgZGl2dWxnYcOnw6NvLCBlbXByw6lzdGltbywgdHJhZHXDp8OjbywgZHVibGFnZW0sIGxlZ2VuZGFnZW0sIGluY2x1c8OjbyBlbSBub3ZhcyBvYnJhcyBvdQpjb2xldMOibmVhcywgcmV1dGlsaXphw6fDo28sIGVkacOnw6NvLCBwcm9kdcOnw6NvIGRlIG1hdGVyaWFsIGRpZMOhdGljbyBlIGN1cnNvcyBvdSBxdWFscXVlciBmb3JtYSBkZQp1dGlsaXphw6fDo28gbsOjbyBjb21lcmNpYWw7CgooMykgUkVDT05IRUNFIHF1ZSBhIGNlc3PDo28gYXF1aSBlc3BlY2lmaWNhZGEgY29uY2VkZSDDoCBGSU9DUlVaIC0gRlVOREHDh8ODTyBPU1dBTERPCkNSVVogbyBkaXJlaXRvIGRlIGF1dG9yaXphciBxdWFscXVlciBwZXNzb2Eg4oCTIGbDrXNpY2Egb3UganVyw61kaWNhLCBww7pibGljYSBvdSBwcml2YWRhLCBuYWNpb25hbCBvdQplc3RyYW5nZWlyYSDigJMgYSBhY2Vzc2FyIGUgdXRpbGl6YXIgYW1wbGFtZW50ZSBhIE9CUkEsIHNlbSBleGNsdXNpdmlkYWRlLCBwYXJhIHF1YWlzcXVlcgpmaW5hbGlkYWRlcyBuw6NvIGNvbWVyY2lhaXM7CgooNCkgREVDTEFSQSBxdWUgYSBvYnJhIMOpIGNyaWHDp8OjbyBvcmlnaW5hbCBlIHF1ZSDDqSBvIHRpdHVsYXIgZG9zIGRpcmVpdG9zIGFxdWkgY2VkaWRvcyBlIGF1dG9yaXphZG9zLApyZXNwb25zYWJpbGl6YW5kby1zZSBpbnRlZ3JhbG1lbnRlIHBlbG8gY29udGXDumRvIGUgb3V0cm9zIGVsZW1lbnRvcyBxdWUgZmF6ZW0gcGFydGUgZGEgT0JSQSwKaW5jbHVzaXZlIG9zIGRpcmVpdG9zIGRlIHZveiBlIGltYWdlbSB2aW5jdWxhZG9zIMOgIE9CUkEsIG9icmlnYW5kby1zZSBhIGluZGVuaXphciB0ZXJjZWlyb3MgcG9yCmRhbm9zLCBiZW0gY29tbyBpbmRlbml6YXIgZSByZXNzYXJjaXIgYSBGSU9DUlVaIC0gRlVOREHDh8ODTyBPU1dBTERPIENSVVogZGUKZXZlbnR1YWlzIGRlc3Blc2FzIHF1ZSB2aWVyZW0gYSBzdXBvcnRhciwgZW0gcmF6w6NvIGRlIHF1YWxxdWVyIG9mZW5zYSBhIGRpcmVpdG9zIGF1dG9yYWlzIG91CmRpcmVpdG9zIGRlIHZveiBvdSBpbWFnZW0sIHByaW5jaXBhbG1lbnRlIG5vIHF1ZSBkaXogcmVzcGVpdG8gYSBwbMOhZ2lvIGUgdmlvbGHDp8O1ZXMgZGUgZGlyZWl0b3M7CgooNSkgQUZJUk1BIHF1ZSBjb25oZWNlIGEgUG9sw610aWNhIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgZGUgQWNlc3NvIEFiZXJ0byBkYSBGSU9DUlVaIC0gRlVOREHDh8ODTwpPU1dBTERPIENSVVogZSBhcyBkaXJldHJpemVzIHBhcmEgbyBmdW5jaW9uYW1lbnRvIGRvIHJlcG9zaXTDs3JpbyBpbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsIEFSQ0EuCgpBIFBvbMOtdGljYSBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsIGRlIEFjZXNzbyBBYmVydG8gZGEgRklPQ1JVWiAtIEZVTkRBw4fDg08gT1NXQUxETyBDUlVaIHJlc2VydmEKZXhjbHVzaXZhbWVudGUgYW8gQVVUT1Igb3MgZGlyZWl0b3MgbW9yYWlzIGUgb3MgdXNvcyBjb21lcmNpYWlzIHNvYnJlIGFzIG9icmFzIGRlIHN1YSBhdXRvcmlhCmUvb3UgdGl0dWxhcmlkYWRlLCBzZW5kbyBvcyB0ZXJjZWlyb3MgdXN1w6FyaW9zIHJlc3BvbnPDoXZlaXMgcGVsYSBhdHJpYnVpw6fDo28gZGUgYXV0b3JpYSBlIG1hbnV0ZW7Dp8OjbwpkYSBpbnRlZ3JpZGFkZSBkYSBPQlJBIGVtIHF1YWxxdWVyIHV0aWxpemHDp8Ojby4KCkEgUG9sw610aWNhIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgZGUgQWNlc3NvIEFiZXJ0byBkYSBGSU9DUlVaIC0gRlVOREHDh8ODTyBPU1dBTERPIENSVVoKcmVzcGVpdGEgb3MgY29udHJhdG9zIGUgYWNvcmRvcyBwcmVleGlzdGVudGVzIGRvcyBBdXRvcmVzIGNvbSB0ZXJjZWlyb3MsIGNhYmVuZG8gYW9zIEF1dG9yZXMKaW5mb3JtYXIgw6AgSW5zdGl0dWnDp8OjbyBhcyBjb25kacOnw7VlcyBlIG91dHJhcyByZXN0cmnDp8O1ZXMgaW1wb3N0YXMgcG9yIGVzdGVzIGluc3RydW1lbnRvcy4KRepositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.arca.fiocruz.br/oai/requestrepositorio.arca@fiocruz.bropendoar:21352023-09-05T13:15:33Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) - 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dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
spellingShingle Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
Ceccarelli, Giancarlo
HIV-2
AIDS
Epídemiologia
HIV-2
AIDS
Epidemiology
title_short Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_full Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_fullStr Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_full_unstemmed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_sort Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
author Ceccarelli, Giancarlo
author_facet Ceccarelli, Giancarlo
Giovanetti, Marta
Sagnelli, Caterina
Ciccozzi, Alessandra
d’Ettorre, Gabriella
Angeletti, Silvia
Borsetti, Alessandra
Ciccozzi, Massimo
author_role author
author2 Giovanetti, Marta
Sagnelli, Caterina
Ciccozzi, Alessandra
d’Ettorre, Gabriella
Angeletti, Silvia
Borsetti, Alessandra
Ciccozzi, Massimo
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Ceccarelli, Giancarlo
Giovanetti, Marta
Sagnelli, Caterina
Ciccozzi, Alessandra
d’Ettorre, Gabriella
Angeletti, Silvia
Borsetti, Alessandra
Ciccozzi, Massimo
dc.subject.other.pt_BR.fl_str_mv HIV-2
AIDS
Epídemiologia
topic HIV-2
AIDS
Epídemiologia
HIV-2
AIDS
Epidemiology
dc.subject.en.pt_BR.fl_str_mv HIV-2
AIDS
Epidemiology
description Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome. Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2021
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2022-02-23T20:37:23Z
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2022-02-23T20:37:23Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv CECCARELLI, Giancarlo et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens, v. 10, 1377, p. 1 - 13, Oct. 2021.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/51444
dc.identifier.issn.pt_BR.fl_str_mv 2076-0817
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.3390/ pathogens10111377
identifier_str_mv CECCARELLI, Giancarlo et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens, v. 10, 1377, p. 1 - 13, Oct. 2021.
2076-0817
10.3390/ pathogens10111377
url https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/51444
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)
instacron:FIOCRUZ
instname_str Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)
instacron_str FIOCRUZ
institution FIOCRUZ
reponame_str Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
collection Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/51444/1/license.txt
https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/51444/2/SilviaAngeletti_MartaGiovanetti_etal_IOC_2021.pdf
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