Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2020 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | REM - International Engineering Journal |
Texto Completo: | http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-167X2020000400523 |
Resumo: | Abstract The microstructure of the main structural elements (Phoenix columns, transversal beams and tie-rods) of the Simón Bolivar iron bridge, located in Arequipa (Peru), was investigated. The bridge was supposedly designed by Gustave Eiffel and opened to the public in 1882. The characterisation revealed that the columns, beams and tie-rods are made of puddled iron (ferritic matrix of equiaxial grains and numerous slag inclusions). The tensile properties were estimated by hardness and nanohardness measurements, and the tensile strength varied between 285 and 390 MPa and the Young's modulus from 187 to 198 GPa. The components of puddled iron with the same provenance, Phoenix Iron Company, showed typical variations in the chemical composition and microstructure of the slag inclusions. The microanalysis results of the slag inclusions indicated that the wüstite phase presented qualitatively the same composition with pronounced variations in the ratio between V2O5 and TiO2 contents, confirming that a single parameter cannot be used to determine the provenance of iron artefacts. The intense presence of slag inclusions in the puddled iron components (~ 10% in volume fraction) heterogeneously distributed in the iron illustrates the technological limits of the iron refining technique of the time. |
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Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Perupuddled ironmicrostructural characterisationSimón Bolívar bridgearchaeological heritage of PeruAbstract The microstructure of the main structural elements (Phoenix columns, transversal beams and tie-rods) of the Simón Bolivar iron bridge, located in Arequipa (Peru), was investigated. The bridge was supposedly designed by Gustave Eiffel and opened to the public in 1882. The characterisation revealed that the columns, beams and tie-rods are made of puddled iron (ferritic matrix of equiaxial grains and numerous slag inclusions). The tensile properties were estimated by hardness and nanohardness measurements, and the tensile strength varied between 285 and 390 MPa and the Young's modulus from 187 to 198 GPa. The components of puddled iron with the same provenance, Phoenix Iron Company, showed typical variations in the chemical composition and microstructure of the slag inclusions. The microanalysis results of the slag inclusions indicated that the wüstite phase presented qualitatively the same composition with pronounced variations in the ratio between V2O5 and TiO2 contents, confirming that a single parameter cannot be used to determine the provenance of iron artefacts. The intense presence of slag inclusions in the puddled iron components (~ 10% in volume fraction) heterogeneously distributed in the iron illustrates the technological limits of the iron refining technique of the time.Fundação Gorceix2020-12-01info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontext/htmlhttp://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-167X2020000400523REM - International Engineering Journal v.73 n.4 2020reponame:REM - International Engineering Journalinstname:Fundação Gorceix (FG)instacron:FG10.1590/0370-44672020730039info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessMamani-Calcina,Elmer AntonioApaza-Huallpa,EdgarGonzalez-Diaz,DaysiVargas-Cardenas,HectorGuerra-Santander,ErikaAndrade-Centeno,Dany MichellNacsa,BrunoAlves,Jonathan Paulino FerreiraLandgraf,Fernando José GomesAzevedo,Cesar Roberto de Fariaseng2020-09-28T00:00:00Zoai:scielo:S2448-167X2020000400523Revistahttps://www.rem.com.br/?lang=pt-brPRIhttps://old.scielo.br/oai/scielo-oai.php||editor@rem.com.br2448-167X2448-167Xopendoar:2020-09-28T00:00REM - International Engineering Journal - Fundação Gorceix (FG)false |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru |
title |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru |
spellingShingle |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru Mamani-Calcina,Elmer Antonio puddled iron microstructural characterisation Simón Bolívar bridge archaeological heritage of Peru |
title_short |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru |
title_full |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru |
title_fullStr |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru |
title_full_unstemmed |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru |
title_sort |
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of the Simon Bolivar's iron bridge structure, 19th century, Arequipa, Peru |
author |
Mamani-Calcina,Elmer Antonio |
author_facet |
Mamani-Calcina,Elmer Antonio Apaza-Huallpa,Edgar Gonzalez-Diaz,Daysi Vargas-Cardenas,Hector Guerra-Santander,Erika Andrade-Centeno,Dany Michell Nacsa,Bruno Alves,Jonathan Paulino Ferreira Landgraf,Fernando José Gomes Azevedo,Cesar Roberto de Farias |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Apaza-Huallpa,Edgar Gonzalez-Diaz,Daysi Vargas-Cardenas,Hector Guerra-Santander,Erika Andrade-Centeno,Dany Michell Nacsa,Bruno Alves,Jonathan Paulino Ferreira Landgraf,Fernando José Gomes Azevedo,Cesar Roberto de Farias |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Mamani-Calcina,Elmer Antonio Apaza-Huallpa,Edgar Gonzalez-Diaz,Daysi Vargas-Cardenas,Hector Guerra-Santander,Erika Andrade-Centeno,Dany Michell Nacsa,Bruno Alves,Jonathan Paulino Ferreira Landgraf,Fernando José Gomes Azevedo,Cesar Roberto de Farias |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
puddled iron microstructural characterisation Simón Bolívar bridge archaeological heritage of Peru |
topic |
puddled iron microstructural characterisation Simón Bolívar bridge archaeological heritage of Peru |
description |
Abstract The microstructure of the main structural elements (Phoenix columns, transversal beams and tie-rods) of the Simón Bolivar iron bridge, located in Arequipa (Peru), was investigated. The bridge was supposedly designed by Gustave Eiffel and opened to the public in 1882. The characterisation revealed that the columns, beams and tie-rods are made of puddled iron (ferritic matrix of equiaxial grains and numerous slag inclusions). The tensile properties were estimated by hardness and nanohardness measurements, and the tensile strength varied between 285 and 390 MPa and the Young's modulus from 187 to 198 GPa. The components of puddled iron with the same provenance, Phoenix Iron Company, showed typical variations in the chemical composition and microstructure of the slag inclusions. The microanalysis results of the slag inclusions indicated that the wüstite phase presented qualitatively the same composition with pronounced variations in the ratio between V2O5 and TiO2 contents, confirming that a single parameter cannot be used to determine the provenance of iron artefacts. The intense presence of slag inclusions in the puddled iron components (~ 10% in volume fraction) heterogeneously distributed in the iron illustrates the technological limits of the iron refining technique of the time. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-12-01 |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-167X2020000400523 |
url |
http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-167X2020000400523 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1590/0370-44672020730039 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
text/html |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Fundação Gorceix |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Fundação Gorceix |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
REM - International Engineering Journal v.73 n.4 2020 reponame:REM - International Engineering Journal instname:Fundação Gorceix (FG) instacron:FG |
instname_str |
Fundação Gorceix (FG) |
instacron_str |
FG |
institution |
FG |
reponame_str |
REM - International Engineering Journal |
collection |
REM - International Engineering Journal |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
REM - International Engineering Journal - Fundação Gorceix (FG) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
||editor@rem.com.br |
_version_ |
1754734691526639616 |