Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo de conferência |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional do FGV (FGV Repositório Digital) |
Texto Completo: | https://hdl.handle.net/10438/33104 |
Resumo: | Green spaces in urban areas—like remnant habitat, parks, constructed wetlands, and street trees—supply multiple benefits. Many studies show green spaces in and near urban areas play important roles harbouring biodiversity and promoting human well-being. On the other hand, evidence suggests that greater human population density enables compact, low carbon cities that spare habitat conversion at the fringes of expanding urban areas, while also allowing more walkable and livable cities. How then can urban areas have abundant green spaces as well as density? In this paper, we review the empirical evidence for the relationships between urban density, nature, and sustainability. We also present a quantitative analysis of data on urban tree canopy cover and open space for United States large urbanized areas, as well as an analysis of non-US Functional Urban Areas in OECD countries. We found that there is a negative correlation between population density and these green spaces. For Functional Urban Areas in the OECD, a doubling of den sity is associated with a 2.9% decline in tree cover. We argue that there are competing trade-offs between the benefits of density for sustainability and the benefits of nature for human well-being. Planners must decide an appropriate density by choosing where to be on this trade-off curve, taking into account city-specific urban planning goals and context . However, while the negative correlation between population density and tree cover is modest at the level of US urbanized areas (R2 = 0.22), it is weak at the US Census block level (R2 = 0.05), showing that there are significant brightspots, neighbourhoods that manage to have more tree canopy than would be expected based upon their level of density. We then describe techniques for how urban planners and designers can create more brightspots, identifying a typology of urban forms and listing green interventions appropriate for each form. We also analyse policies that enable these green interventions illustrating them with the case studies of Curitiba and Singapore. We conclude that while there are tensions between density and urban green spaces, an urban world that is both green and dense is possible, if society chooses to take advantage of the available green interventions and create it. |
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McDonald, Robert I.Aronson, Myla F. J.Beatley, TimothyBeller, ErinBazo, MicaelaGrossinger, RobinJessup, KelseyMansur, Andressa V.Oliveira, José Antônio Puppim dePanlasigui, StephanieBurg, JoePevzner, NicholasShanahan, DanielleStoneburner, LaurenRudd, AndrewSpotswood, EricaDemais unidades::RPCAEscolas::EAESPEscolas::EBAPE2023-01-17T01:13:35Z2023-01-17T01:13:35Z2022https://hdl.handle.net/10438/33104Green spaces in urban areas—like remnant habitat, parks, constructed wetlands, and street trees—supply multiple benefits. Many studies show green spaces in and near urban areas play important roles harbouring biodiversity and promoting human well-being. On the other hand, evidence suggests that greater human population density enables compact, low carbon cities that spare habitat conversion at the fringes of expanding urban areas, while also allowing more walkable and livable cities. How then can urban areas have abundant green spaces as well as density? In this paper, we review the empirical evidence for the relationships between urban density, nature, and sustainability. We also present a quantitative analysis of data on urban tree canopy cover and open space for United States large urbanized areas, as well as an analysis of non-US Functional Urban Areas in OECD countries. We found that there is a negative correlation between population density and these green spaces. For Functional Urban Areas in the OECD, a doubling of den sity is associated with a 2.9% decline in tree cover. We argue that there are competing trade-offs between the benefits of density for sustainability and the benefits of nature for human well-being. Planners must decide an appropriate density by choosing where to be on this trade-off curve, taking into account city-specific urban planning goals and context . However, while the negative correlation between population density and tree cover is modest at the level of US urbanized areas (R2 = 0.22), it is weak at the US Census block level (R2 = 0.05), showing that there are significant brightspots, neighbourhoods that manage to have more tree canopy than would be expected based upon their level of density. We then describe techniques for how urban planners and designers can create more brightspots, identifying a typology of urban forms and listing green interventions appropriate for each form. We also analyse policies that enable these green interventions illustrating them with the case studies of Curitiba and Singapore. We conclude that while there are tensions between density and urban green spaces, an urban world that is both green and dense is possible, if society chooses to take advantage of the available green interventions and create it.engEcosystem servicesEnergy useLand sharing, land sparingLandscape architectureSustainabilityUrban planningCiências sociaisEcossistemasEnergiaPlanejamento urbanoDenser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and natureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObjectreponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV (FGV Repositório Digital)instname:Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV)instacron:FGVinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessDenser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and natureProjetos de Pesquisa AplicadaORIGINALDenser and greener cities Green interventions to achieve both urban density and.pdfDenser and greener cities Green interventions to achieve both urban density 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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature |
title |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature |
spellingShingle |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature McDonald, Robert I. Ecosystem services Energy use Land sharing, land sparing Landscape architecture Sustainability Urban planning Ciências sociais Ecossistemas Energia Planejamento urbano |
title_short |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature |
title_full |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature |
title_fullStr |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature |
title_full_unstemmed |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature |
title_sort |
Denser and greener cities: green interventions to achieve both urban density and nature |
author |
McDonald, Robert I. |
author_facet |
McDonald, Robert I. Aronson, Myla F. J. Beatley, Timothy Beller, Erin Bazo, Micaela Grossinger, Robin Jessup, Kelsey Mansur, Andressa V. Oliveira, José Antônio Puppim de Panlasigui, Stephanie Burg, Joe Pevzner, Nicholas Shanahan, Danielle Stoneburner, Lauren Rudd, Andrew Spotswood, Erica |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Aronson, Myla F. J. Beatley, Timothy Beller, Erin Bazo, Micaela Grossinger, Robin Jessup, Kelsey Mansur, Andressa V. Oliveira, José Antônio Puppim de Panlasigui, Stephanie Burg, Joe Pevzner, Nicholas Shanahan, Danielle Stoneburner, Lauren Rudd, Andrew Spotswood, Erica |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.unidadefgv.por.fl_str_mv |
Demais unidades::RPCA Escolas::EAESP Escolas::EBAPE |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
McDonald, Robert I. Aronson, Myla F. J. Beatley, Timothy Beller, Erin Bazo, Micaela Grossinger, Robin Jessup, Kelsey Mansur, Andressa V. Oliveira, José Antônio Puppim de Panlasigui, Stephanie Burg, Joe Pevzner, Nicholas Shanahan, Danielle Stoneburner, Lauren Rudd, Andrew Spotswood, Erica |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Ecosystem services Energy use Land sharing, land sparing Landscape architecture Sustainability Urban planning |
topic |
Ecosystem services Energy use Land sharing, land sparing Landscape architecture Sustainability Urban planning Ciências sociais Ecossistemas Energia Planejamento urbano |
dc.subject.area.por.fl_str_mv |
Ciências sociais |
dc.subject.bibliodata.por.fl_str_mv |
Ecossistemas Energia Planejamento urbano |
description |
Green spaces in urban areas—like remnant habitat, parks, constructed wetlands, and street trees—supply multiple benefits. Many studies show green spaces in and near urban areas play important roles harbouring biodiversity and promoting human well-being. On the other hand, evidence suggests that greater human population density enables compact, low carbon cities that spare habitat conversion at the fringes of expanding urban areas, while also allowing more walkable and livable cities. How then can urban areas have abundant green spaces as well as density? In this paper, we review the empirical evidence for the relationships between urban density, nature, and sustainability. We also present a quantitative analysis of data on urban tree canopy cover and open space for United States large urbanized areas, as well as an analysis of non-US Functional Urban Areas in OECD countries. We found that there is a negative correlation between population density and these green spaces. For Functional Urban Areas in the OECD, a doubling of den sity is associated with a 2.9% decline in tree cover. We argue that there are competing trade-offs between the benefits of density for sustainability and the benefits of nature for human well-being. Planners must decide an appropriate density by choosing where to be on this trade-off curve, taking into account city-specific urban planning goals and context . However, while the negative correlation between population density and tree cover is modest at the level of US urbanized areas (R2 = 0.22), it is weak at the US Census block level (R2 = 0.05), showing that there are significant brightspots, neighbourhoods that manage to have more tree canopy than would be expected based upon their level of density. We then describe techniques for how urban planners and designers can create more brightspots, identifying a typology of urban forms and listing green interventions appropriate for each form. We also analyse policies that enable these green interventions illustrating them with the case studies of Curitiba and Singapore. We conclude that while there are tensions between density and urban green spaces, an urban world that is both green and dense is possible, if society chooses to take advantage of the available green interventions and create it. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2022 |
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-17T01:13:35Z |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-17T01:13:35Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject |
format |
conferenceObject |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/10438/33104 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10438/33104 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV (FGV Repositório Digital) instname:Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) instacron:FGV |
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Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) |
instacron_str |
FGV |
institution |
FGV |
reponame_str |
Repositório Institucional do FGV (FGV Repositório Digital) |
collection |
Repositório Institucional do FGV (FGV Repositório Digital) |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.fgv.br/bitstreams/e83099ca-9547-49c3-bf69-892debff9e62/download https://repositorio.fgv.br/bitstreams/d10aba12-35d0-4263-862d-2aa004d5b38e/download https://repositorio.fgv.br/bitstreams/a90c9436-be72-4911-86e9-78cacd5cfe0b/download https://repositorio.fgv.br/bitstreams/6bc69a12-3813-4477-ba5b-254076f2a4e4/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
2bf7f1207af1de5037cea259e70139e4 dfb340242cced38a6cca06c627998fa1 f1c59fb40ba4752f5fd4e3bedc6d1c66 ce1f6734441af0ef170188438eabfe3c |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Institucional do FGV (FGV Repositório Digital) - Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
|
_version_ |
1799582780674277376 |