Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements
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Data de Publicação: | 2007 |
Outros Autores: | |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Cadernos de Saúde Pública |
Texto Completo: | https://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456 |
Resumo: | The governments of numerous low- and middle-income countries are currently instituting rules that strengthen changes in domestic intellectual property legislation, often made to conform to the mandates of "free" trade agreements signed with the United States. These measures frequently include intellectual property provisions that extend beyond the patent law standards agreed upon in recent World Trade Organization negotiations, which promised to balance the exigencies of public health and patent holders. In this paper, we analyze the concern that this augmentation of patent law standards will curtail access to essential medicines, particularly as they relate to the AIDS pandemic. We critically examine the potential threats posed by trade agreements vis-à-vis efforts to provide universal access to antiretroviral medications and contend that the conditioning of economic development upon the strengthening of intellectual property law demands careful attention when public health is at stake. Finally, we examine advocacy successes in challenging patent law and conclude that greater advocacy and policy strategies are needed to ensure the protection of global health in trade negotiations. |
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Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreementsAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAnti-retroviral AgentsDrug IndustryGeneric DrugsThe governments of numerous low- and middle-income countries are currently instituting rules that strengthen changes in domestic intellectual property legislation, often made to conform to the mandates of "free" trade agreements signed with the United States. These measures frequently include intellectual property provisions that extend beyond the patent law standards agreed upon in recent World Trade Organization negotiations, which promised to balance the exigencies of public health and patent holders. In this paper, we analyze the concern that this augmentation of patent law standards will curtail access to essential medicines, particularly as they relate to the AIDS pandemic. We critically examine the potential threats posed by trade agreements vis-à-vis efforts to provide universal access to antiretroviral medications and contend that the conditioning of economic development upon the strengthening of intellectual property law demands careful attention when public health is at stake. Finally, we examine advocacy successes in challenging patent law and conclude that greater advocacy and policy strategies are needed to ensure the protection of global health in trade negotiations.Actualmente diversos países de renta media y baja están creando leyes de propiedad intelectual más rígidas, muchas veces para adaptarse a las exigencias de los tratados de "libre" comercio con los Estados Unidos. Tales medidas suelen incluir dispositivos que transcienden las normas sobre patentes negociadas recientemente en la Organización Mundial del Comercio, que prometían equilibrar las exigencias de la salud pública y las de patentes. Este artículo analiza la preocupación de que este endurecimiento restrinja el acceso a medicamentos esenciales, en particular en el contexto de la pandemia de SIDA. El artículo examina las amenazas potenciales creadas por los tratados comerciales contra los esfuerzos dirigidos para el acceso universal a los antirretrovirales, manteniendo que condicionar el desarrollo económico al endurecimiento de la legislación requiere una atención escrupulosamente justificada cuando la salud pública está en juego. Finalmente, se examinan algunos éxitos obtenidos por grupos de presión, concluyéndose que son necesarias más estrategias políticas y de presión para garantizar la protección de la salud mundial en las negociaciones sobre tratados internacionales de comercio.Reports in Public HealthCadernos de Saúde Pública2007-01-01info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontext/htmlapplication/pdfhttps://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456Reports in Public Health; Vol. 23 No. 13 (2007): Supplement 1Cadernos de Saúde Pública; v. 23 n. 13 (2007): Suplemento 11678-44640102-311Xreponame:Cadernos de Saúde Públicainstname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)instacron:FIOCRUZenghttps://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456/6995https://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456/6996Castro, ArachuWesterhaus, Michaelinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2024-03-06T15:27:37Zoai:ojs.teste-cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br:article/3456Revistahttps://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csphttps://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/oaicadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br||cadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br1678-44640102-311Xopendoar:2024-03-06T13:03:59.463874Cadernos de Saúde Pública - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)true |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements |
title |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements |
spellingShingle |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements Castro, Arachu Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Anti-retroviral Agents Drug Industry Generic Drugs |
title_short |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements |
title_full |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements |
title_fullStr |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements |
title_full_unstemmed |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements |
title_sort |
Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements |
author |
Castro, Arachu |
author_facet |
Castro, Arachu Westerhaus, Michael |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Westerhaus, Michael |
author2_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Castro, Arachu Westerhaus, Michael |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Anti-retroviral Agents Drug Industry Generic Drugs |
topic |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Anti-retroviral Agents Drug Industry Generic Drugs |
description |
The governments of numerous low- and middle-income countries are currently instituting rules that strengthen changes in domestic intellectual property legislation, often made to conform to the mandates of "free" trade agreements signed with the United States. These measures frequently include intellectual property provisions that extend beyond the patent law standards agreed upon in recent World Trade Organization negotiations, which promised to balance the exigencies of public health and patent holders. In this paper, we analyze the concern that this augmentation of patent law standards will curtail access to essential medicines, particularly as they relate to the AIDS pandemic. We critically examine the potential threats posed by trade agreements vis-à-vis efforts to provide universal access to antiretroviral medications and contend that the conditioning of economic development upon the strengthening of intellectual property law demands careful attention when public health is at stake. Finally, we examine advocacy successes in challenging patent law and conclude that greater advocacy and policy strategies are needed to ensure the protection of global health in trade negotiations. |
publishDate |
2007 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2007-01-01 |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456 |
url |
https://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
https://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456/6995 https://cadernos.ensp.fiocruz.br/ojs/index.php/csp/article/view/3456/6996 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
text/html application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Reports in Public Health Cadernos de Saúde Pública |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Reports in Public Health Cadernos de Saúde Pública |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Reports in Public Health; Vol. 23 No. 13 (2007): Supplement 1 Cadernos de Saúde Pública; v. 23 n. 13 (2007): Suplemento 1 1678-4464 0102-311X reponame:Cadernos de Saúde Pública instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) instacron:FIOCRUZ |
instname_str |
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) |
instacron_str |
FIOCRUZ |
institution |
FIOCRUZ |
reponame_str |
Cadernos de Saúde Pública |
collection |
Cadernos de Saúde Pública |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Cadernos de Saúde Pública - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
cadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br||cadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br |
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1798943361420230656 |