Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970)
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2018 |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | spa |
Título da fonte: | Estudos Ibero-Americanos |
Texto Completo: | https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericana/article/view/26857 |
Resumo: | The last decade has witnessed a historiographical renewal aiming to emphasize the role played by the Latin American countries during the Cold War. Following this tendency, the article argues that far from being a passive actor, Eduardo Frei’s Chilean Christian Democratic Government (1964-1970) conducted an independent foreign policy, defying the strict loyalty to the Americanpriorities and building new bridges with the Socialist camp. Very soon, Frei’s administration, encouraged by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Valdés, decided to establish diplomatic relationships with the USSR, and, immediately after that, with five other Eastern countries, prompting political, economic and cultural links with the Soviet Bloc. Moreover, since 1968, this renewed international approach facilitated a commercial rapprochement with Mao’s China and the Cuban Revolution, with which Santiago signed an agriculture agreement, marking the end of the isolation policy against Cuba contracted in OAS. The attitude of the Chilean diplomacy triggered a strident controversy in the Latin American context and resulted in Fidel Castro’s recognition, a leader who had previously attacked Eduardo Frei’s “Revolution in Liberty”. All these elements allow us to state that, to a large extent, Salvador Allende’s foreign policy since 1970 had its roots in the earlier global international opening. |
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Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970)Desafiando la bipolaridad: la independencia diplomática del gobierno democratacristiano en Chile y su acercamiento con el “mundo socialista” (1964-1970)Desafiando la bipolaridad: la independencia diplomática del gobierno democratacristiano en Chile y su acercamiento con el “mundo socialista” (1964-1970)Eduardo FreiCubaLatin AmericaCold WarUSSR.Eduardo FreiCubaAmérica LatinaGuerra FríaURSS.Eduardo FreiCubaAmérica LatinaGuerra FriaURSS.The last decade has witnessed a historiographical renewal aiming to emphasize the role played by the Latin American countries during the Cold War. Following this tendency, the article argues that far from being a passive actor, Eduardo Frei’s Chilean Christian Democratic Government (1964-1970) conducted an independent foreign policy, defying the strict loyalty to the Americanpriorities and building new bridges with the Socialist camp. Very soon, Frei’s administration, encouraged by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Valdés, decided to establish diplomatic relationships with the USSR, and, immediately after that, with five other Eastern countries, prompting political, economic and cultural links with the Soviet Bloc. Moreover, since 1968, this renewed international approach facilitated a commercial rapprochement with Mao’s China and the Cuban Revolution, with which Santiago signed an agriculture agreement, marking the end of the isolation policy against Cuba contracted in OAS. The attitude of the Chilean diplomacy triggered a strident controversy in the Latin American context and resulted in Fidel Castro’s recognition, a leader who had previously attacked Eduardo Frei’s “Revolution in Liberty”. All these elements allow us to state that, to a large extent, Salvador Allende’s foreign policy since 1970 had its roots in the earlier global international opening.Estos últimos años han sido testigos de una renovación historiográfica tendiente a subrayar el rol de los países latinoamericanos en el desarrollo de la Guerra Fría. Siguiendo esta línea, lejos de constituir un actor pasivo, el gobierno democratacristiano de Eduardo Frei Montalva en Chile (1964-1970) hizo prueba de una real independencia diplomática, desafiando la fidelidad estricta a los lineamientos de Estados Unidos y construyendo nuevos puentes con los países socialistas. Es así como la administración Frei, estimulada por el Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores Gabriel Valdés, optó desde temprano por establecer relaciones oficiales con la URSS, así como con otros cinco “Estados socialistas”, propulsando de esta manera los vínculos políticos, económicos y culturales con el “mundo del Este”. Desde 1968, esta voluntad internacional facilitó igualmente el acercamiento comercial con la China maoísta y con la Revolución Cubana, con la cual La Moneda firmó un acuerdo de intercambio agrario, poniendo fin a la política de aislamiento continental contra Cuba decretada en la OEA. La actitud de la diplomacia chilena generó una airada polémica en el contexto latinoamericano y suscitó el reconocimiento de Fidel Castro, quien con anterioridad había atacado violentamente a Eduardo Frei y a su proyecto de “Revolución en Libertad”. Todos estos antecedentes nos permiten constatar que, en gran medida, la política exterior de Salvador Allende tenía sus raíces en la apertura del periodo anterior.***Desafiando a bipolaridade: A independência diplomática do governo Cristão Democrata e sua reaproximação com o “mundo socialista”***A última década testemunhou uma renovação historiográfica com o objetivo de enfatizar o papel dos países Latino Americanos durante a guerra fria. Seguindo esta tendência, este artigo argumenta que longe de ser um ator passivo, o governo Cristão Democrata de Eduardo Frei (1964-1970) conduziu uma política externa independente, desafiando a estrita lealdade aos interesses Americanos, construindo novas pontes com o campo socialista. Desde cedo, a administração de Frei, encorajada pelo Ministro de Relações Exteriores Gabriel Valdés, decidiu estabelecer relações diplomáticas com a URRS, e, imediatamente após isto, com outros cinco países do leste Europeu, iniciando conexões políticas, econômicas e culturais com o bloco soviético. Além disso, desde 1968, esta nova abordagem facilitou a aproximação comercial com a China de Mao, e a Revolução Cubana,com a qual Santiago assinou um acordo agrícola, encerrando a política de isolamento contra Cuba praticada pela OAS. A atitude da diplomacia chilena deu início à fortes controvérsias dentro do contexto Latino Americano e resultou no reconhecimento de Fidel Castro, que por sua vez havia atacado a “revolução em liberdade” de Eduardo Frei. Todos estes elementos contribuem para que possamos constatar que, em uma larga medida, a política externa de Salvador Allende, desde 1970, tem raízes na abertura internacional praticada anteriormente.Editora da PUCRS - ediPUCRS2018-04-18info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericana/article/view/2685710.15448/1980-864X.2018.1.26857Estudos Ibero-Americanos; Vol. 44 No. 1 (2018): Dossier - Photography, visual culture and history: theoretical and methodological perspectives; 186-199Estudos Ibero-Americanos; Vol. 44 Núm. 1 (2018): Dosier - Fotografía, cultura visual y historia: perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas; 186-199Estudos Ibero-Americanos; v. 44 n. 1 (2018): Dossiê - Fotografia, Cultura Visual e História: perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas; 186-1991980-864X0101-406410.15448/1980-864X.2018.1reponame:Estudos Ibero-Americanosinstname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS)instacron:PUC_RSspahttps://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericana/article/view/26857/16678Copyright (c) 2018 Rafael Pedemontehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessPedemonte, Rafael2018-08-13T16:52:11Zoai:ojs.revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br:article/26857Revistahttps://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericanaPRIhttps://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericana/oaieditora.periodicos@pucrs.br||eia@pucrs.br1980-864X0101-4064opendoar:2018-08-13T16:52:11Estudos Ibero-Americanos - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS)false |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) Desafiando la bipolaridad: la independencia diplomática del gobierno democratacristiano en Chile y su acercamiento con el “mundo socialista” (1964-1970) Desafiando la bipolaridad: la independencia diplomática del gobierno democratacristiano en Chile y su acercamiento con el “mundo socialista” (1964-1970) |
title |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) |
spellingShingle |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) Pedemonte, Rafael Eduardo Frei Cuba Latin America Cold War USSR. Eduardo Frei Cuba América Latina Guerra Fría URSS. Eduardo Frei Cuba América Latina Guerra Fria URSS. |
title_short |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) |
title_full |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) |
title_fullStr |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) |
title_sort |
Defying bipolarity: the diplomatic independence of the Christian Democratic Government in Chile and its rapprochement with the “Socialist World” (1964-1970) |
author |
Pedemonte, Rafael |
author_facet |
Pedemonte, Rafael |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Pedemonte, Rafael |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Eduardo Frei Cuba Latin America Cold War USSR. Eduardo Frei Cuba América Latina Guerra Fría URSS. Eduardo Frei Cuba América Latina Guerra Fria URSS. |
topic |
Eduardo Frei Cuba Latin America Cold War USSR. Eduardo Frei Cuba América Latina Guerra Fría URSS. Eduardo Frei Cuba América Latina Guerra Fria URSS. |
description |
The last decade has witnessed a historiographical renewal aiming to emphasize the role played by the Latin American countries during the Cold War. Following this tendency, the article argues that far from being a passive actor, Eduardo Frei’s Chilean Christian Democratic Government (1964-1970) conducted an independent foreign policy, defying the strict loyalty to the Americanpriorities and building new bridges with the Socialist camp. Very soon, Frei’s administration, encouraged by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Valdés, decided to establish diplomatic relationships with the USSR, and, immediately after that, with five other Eastern countries, prompting political, economic and cultural links with the Soviet Bloc. Moreover, since 1968, this renewed international approach facilitated a commercial rapprochement with Mao’s China and the Cuban Revolution, with which Santiago signed an agriculture agreement, marking the end of the isolation policy against Cuba contracted in OAS. The attitude of the Chilean diplomacy triggered a strident controversy in the Latin American context and resulted in Fidel Castro’s recognition, a leader who had previously attacked Eduardo Frei’s “Revolution in Liberty”. All these elements allow us to state that, to a large extent, Salvador Allende’s foreign policy since 1970 had its roots in the earlier global international opening. |
publishDate |
2018 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-04-18 |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericana/article/view/26857 10.15448/1980-864X.2018.1.26857 |
url |
https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericana/article/view/26857 |
identifier_str_mv |
10.15448/1980-864X.2018.1.26857 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/iberoamericana/article/view/26857/16678 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
Copyright (c) 2018 Rafael Pedemonte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Copyright (c) 2018 Rafael Pedemonte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Editora da PUCRS - ediPUCRS |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Editora da PUCRS - ediPUCRS |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Estudos Ibero-Americanos; Vol. 44 No. 1 (2018): Dossier - Photography, visual culture and history: theoretical and methodological perspectives; 186-199 Estudos Ibero-Americanos; Vol. 44 Núm. 1 (2018): Dosier - Fotografía, cultura visual y historia: perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas; 186-199 Estudos Ibero-Americanos; v. 44 n. 1 (2018): Dossiê - Fotografia, Cultura Visual e História: perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas; 186-199 1980-864X 0101-4064 10.15448/1980-864X.2018.1 reponame:Estudos Ibero-Americanos instname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) instacron:PUC_RS |
instname_str |
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) |
instacron_str |
PUC_RS |
institution |
PUC_RS |
reponame_str |
Estudos Ibero-Americanos |
collection |
Estudos Ibero-Americanos |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Estudos Ibero-Americanos - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
editora.periodicos@pucrs.br||eia@pucrs.br |
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1799128859457617920 |