Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Nogara, Thaís Ferro
Data de Publicação: 2006
Tipo de documento: Dissertação
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP
Texto Completo: https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16755
Resumo: The effects of presenting stimuli that are well established as reinforcers independently of responding have been studied under two different perspectives. On the first perspective, through a procedure called accidentally reinforcement, stimuli are presented non-contingently, resulting in the accidental selection of a response, an effect called superstition. On the other perspective, in a procedure called uncontrollability stimuli are presented independently of responding resulting in a difficulty in learning when another contingency is presented, a behavioral effect called learned helplessness (LH). It has been suggested that the interval from the non-contingent presentation of the stimulus and the response may have an important role in producing either one of two behavioral effects. The goal of this study was to investigate: (a) the effects of different duration of an aversive auditive stimuli on the possibility of establishing contiguity between responding and the ending of the stimulus; (b) the effects of the different stimulus-response intervals on the responding pattern; (c) the effects of different manipulations of stimuli presentation (response dependent, response independent, and delayed dependent) on the participants performances in a new escape contingency. Fifty participants were assigned to five groups: contingent (CON), yoked non-contingent (YNC), non-contingent (NC), contingent with delay (CD), and control. Four groups were exposed to two experimental phases: training and testing. In the training phase, each group experienced a different contingency: CON participants could escape from the aversive stimuli; YNC participants experienced the same aversive stimuli (order and duration) as CON participants, but could not escape; NC participants experienced 5s stimuli along the training phase and could not turn them off; CD participants could escape from the stimuli, but the emission of the response started a delay that was dependent upon the interval between the end of the stimulus and the preceding response emitted by a NC participant. The control participants were not exposed to a training phase. During test, all participants could escape from the aversive stimuli by emiting a new escape response. Results show that: a) 12 out of 40 participants showed some accidentally selected behavioral pattern during training. In the testing phase, all this 12 participants learned the new escape response. Other twenty-four participants had their performance in the testing phase classified as learned helplessness: 13 from NC and YNC groups, 4 from CON, 4 from control and 2 from CD; b) stimulus duration did not seem to determine the interval between the end of the stimuli and the preceding response; c) for some participants, temporal contiguity between the end of the stimulus and the preceding response was enough to select a behavioral pattern, but the contingent relation between these two events was a powerful variable in the selection and maintenance responding, even for those participants who were exposed to a contingent but not contiguous (delayed) stimuli-response relation
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spelling Sério, Tereza Maria de Azevedo PiresNogara, Thaís Ferro2016-04-29T13:17:56Z2007-07-262006-03-13Nogara, Thaís Ferro. Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência. 2006. 210 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006.https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16755The effects of presenting stimuli that are well established as reinforcers independently of responding have been studied under two different perspectives. On the first perspective, through a procedure called accidentally reinforcement, stimuli are presented non-contingently, resulting in the accidental selection of a response, an effect called superstition. On the other perspective, in a procedure called uncontrollability stimuli are presented independently of responding resulting in a difficulty in learning when another contingency is presented, a behavioral effect called learned helplessness (LH). It has been suggested that the interval from the non-contingent presentation of the stimulus and the response may have an important role in producing either one of two behavioral effects. The goal of this study was to investigate: (a) the effects of different duration of an aversive auditive stimuli on the possibility of establishing contiguity between responding and the ending of the stimulus; (b) the effects of the different stimulus-response intervals on the responding pattern; (c) the effects of different manipulations of stimuli presentation (response dependent, response independent, and delayed dependent) on the participants performances in a new escape contingency. Fifty participants were assigned to five groups: contingent (CON), yoked non-contingent (YNC), non-contingent (NC), contingent with delay (CD), and control. Four groups were exposed to two experimental phases: training and testing. In the training phase, each group experienced a different contingency: CON participants could escape from the aversive stimuli; YNC participants experienced the same aversive stimuli (order and duration) as CON participants, but could not escape; NC participants experienced 5s stimuli along the training phase and could not turn them off; CD participants could escape from the stimuli, but the emission of the response started a delay that was dependent upon the interval between the end of the stimulus and the preceding response emitted by a NC participant. The control participants were not exposed to a training phase. During test, all participants could escape from the aversive stimuli by emiting a new escape response. Results show that: a) 12 out of 40 participants showed some accidentally selected behavioral pattern during training. In the testing phase, all this 12 participants learned the new escape response. Other twenty-four participants had their performance in the testing phase classified as learned helplessness: 13 from NC and YNC groups, 4 from CON, 4 from control and 2 from CD; b) stimulus duration did not seem to determine the interval between the end of the stimuli and the preceding response; c) for some participants, temporal contiguity between the end of the stimulus and the preceding response was enough to select a behavioral pattern, but the contingent relation between these two events was a powerful variable in the selection and maintenance responding, even for those participants who were exposed to a contingent but not contiguous (delayed) stimuli-response relationOs efeitos da apresentação independente das respostas de um sujeito de eventos ambientais bem estabelecidos como reforçadores têm sido investigados sob duas diferentes perspectivas. Para uma delas, a liberação não contingente desses eventos pode resultar na seleção acidental de respostas. O efeito em questão foi chamado de superstição e o procedimento, de reforçamento acidental. Sob uma outra perspectiva, a apresentação de estímulos independentemente do responder pode levar a uma dificuldade de aprendizagem quando uma nova contingência é apresentada. O efeito comportamental observado foi chamado de desamparo aprendido e o procedimento, de incontrolabilidade. Tem sido sugerido que o intervalo de tempo entre a apresentação não contingente do estímulo e as respostas dos sujeitos pode desempenhar um papel importante na produção desses efeitos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar: (a) os efeitos de diferentes durações de um estímulo sonoro aversivo sobre o intervalo de tempo entre o seu término e a resposta precedente; (b) os efeitos desses diferentes intervalos sobre o responder dos participantes; e (c) os efeitos de diferentes arranjos experimentais (dependente, independente e dependente com atraso) sobre o desempenho dos participantes numa nova contingência de fuga. Para isso, 50 participantes foram distribuídos em seis grupos: contingente (CON), acoplado não contingente (ANC), não contingente (NC), contingente com atraso (CA) e controle. Quatro desses 5 grupos foram submetidos a duas fases experimentais: treino e teste. No treino, cada grupo passou por uma contingência diferente: ao grupo CON era dada a possibilidade de escapar do estímulo aversivo; o grupo ANC recebia os mesmos sons (mesma ordem e duração) que os participantes do grupo CON, mas não podiam escapar dos mesmos; o grupo NC experienciou sons com a duração de 5s durante toda a fase de treino e não podia desligá-los; o grupo CA podia fugir dos sons, mas a emissão da resposta de fuga iniciava um atraso que era determinado pelo intervalo entre o término do som e a resposta precedente, para o grupo NC. O grupo controle não passou pela fase de treino. No teste, todos os participantes podiam escapar dos sons por meio de uma nova resposta de fuga. Como resultado, observou-se que: a) 12 dos 40 participantes tiveram algum padrão de respostas acidentalmente selecionado no treino. No teste, esses 12 participantes aprenderam a resposta de fuga. O responder de outros 24 participantes, no teste, foi classificado como desamparo aprendido: 13 são dos grupos NC e ANC, 4, do grupo CON, 4, do grupo controle e 2, do grupo CA; b) a duração do som não foi a variável determinante do intervalo de tempo entre o término do som e a resposta precedente; c) embora, para alguns participantes, a contigüidade temporal entre o término do som e a resposta precedente tenha sido condição suficiente para selecionar um dado padrão de respostas, a relação de dependência entre esses eventos pareceu desempenhar um papel muito importante na seleção e manutenção do responder, mesmo para aqueles participantes expostos a uma relação estímulo-resposta contingente, mas não contígua (atrasada)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológicoapplication/pdfhttp://tede2.pucsp.br/tede/retrieve/35472/Dissertacao%20Thais%20Nogara.pdf.jpgporPontifícia Universidade Católica de São PauloPrograma de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Psicologia Experimental: Análise do ComportamentoPUC-SPBRPsicologiacontigüidadecontingênciacomportamento supersticiosodesamparo aprendidoAvaliacao do comportamento.contiguitycontingencysuperstitious behaviorlearned helplessnessCNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::PSICOLOGIA::PSICOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALAlterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingênciaResponse dependent and response independent environmental changes: a study on the effects of contiguity versus contingencyinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SPinstname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP)instacron:PUC_SPTEXTDissertacao Thais Nogara.pdf.txtDissertacao Thais Nogara.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain299006https://repositorio.pucsp.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/16755/3/Dissertacao%20Thais%20Nogara.pdf.txtb46374eccddf0044d733d6fffe81553fMD53ORIGINALDissertacao Thais Nogara.pdfapplication/pdf1558052https://repositorio.pucsp.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/16755/1/Dissertacao%20Thais%20Nogara.pdfccb32c051365bae930fde318c9580dd9MD51THUMBNAILDissertacao Thais Nogara.pdf.jpgDissertacao Thais Nogara.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1943https://repositorio.pucsp.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/16755/2/Dissertacao%20Thais%20Nogara.pdf.jpgcc73c4c239a4c332d642ba1e7c7a9fb2MD52handle/167552022-04-28 14:20:24.371oai:repositorio.pucsp.br:handle/16755Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://sapientia.pucsp.br/https://sapientia.pucsp.br/oai/requestbngkatende@pucsp.br||rapassi@pucsp.bropendoar:2022-04-28T17:20:24Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Response dependent and response independent environmental changes: a study on the effects of contiguity versus contingency
title Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
spellingShingle Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
Nogara, Thaís Ferro
contigüidade
contingência
comportamento supersticioso
desamparo aprendido
Avaliacao do comportamento.
contiguity
contingency
superstitious behavior
learned helplessness
CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::PSICOLOGIA::PSICOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL
title_short Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
title_full Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
title_fullStr Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
title_full_unstemmed Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
title_sort Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência
author Nogara, Thaís Ferro
author_facet Nogara, Thaís Ferro
author_role author
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Sério, Tereza Maria de Azevedo Pires
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Nogara, Thaís Ferro
contributor_str_mv Sério, Tereza Maria de Azevedo Pires
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv contigüidade
contingência
comportamento supersticioso
desamparo aprendido
Avaliacao do comportamento.
topic contigüidade
contingência
comportamento supersticioso
desamparo aprendido
Avaliacao do comportamento.
contiguity
contingency
superstitious behavior
learned helplessness
CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::PSICOLOGIA::PSICOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv contiguity
contingency
superstitious behavior
learned helplessness
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::PSICOLOGIA::PSICOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL
description The effects of presenting stimuli that are well established as reinforcers independently of responding have been studied under two different perspectives. On the first perspective, through a procedure called accidentally reinforcement, stimuli are presented non-contingently, resulting in the accidental selection of a response, an effect called superstition. On the other perspective, in a procedure called uncontrollability stimuli are presented independently of responding resulting in a difficulty in learning when another contingency is presented, a behavioral effect called learned helplessness (LH). It has been suggested that the interval from the non-contingent presentation of the stimulus and the response may have an important role in producing either one of two behavioral effects. The goal of this study was to investigate: (a) the effects of different duration of an aversive auditive stimuli on the possibility of establishing contiguity between responding and the ending of the stimulus; (b) the effects of the different stimulus-response intervals on the responding pattern; (c) the effects of different manipulations of stimuli presentation (response dependent, response independent, and delayed dependent) on the participants performances in a new escape contingency. Fifty participants were assigned to five groups: contingent (CON), yoked non-contingent (YNC), non-contingent (NC), contingent with delay (CD), and control. Four groups were exposed to two experimental phases: training and testing. In the training phase, each group experienced a different contingency: CON participants could escape from the aversive stimuli; YNC participants experienced the same aversive stimuli (order and duration) as CON participants, but could not escape; NC participants experienced 5s stimuli along the training phase and could not turn them off; CD participants could escape from the stimuli, but the emission of the response started a delay that was dependent upon the interval between the end of the stimulus and the preceding response emitted by a NC participant. The control participants were not exposed to a training phase. During test, all participants could escape from the aversive stimuli by emiting a new escape response. Results show that: a) 12 out of 40 participants showed some accidentally selected behavioral pattern during training. In the testing phase, all this 12 participants learned the new escape response. Other twenty-four participants had their performance in the testing phase classified as learned helplessness: 13 from NC and YNC groups, 4 from CON, 4 from control and 2 from CD; b) stimulus duration did not seem to determine the interval between the end of the stimuli and the preceding response; c) for some participants, temporal contiguity between the end of the stimulus and the preceding response was enough to select a behavioral pattern, but the contingent relation between these two events was a powerful variable in the selection and maintenance responding, even for those participants who were exposed to a contingent but not contiguous (delayed) stimuli-response relation
publishDate 2006
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2006-03-13
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2007-07-26
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dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv Nogara, Thaís Ferro. Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência. 2006. 210 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16755
identifier_str_mv Nogara, Thaís Ferro. Alterações ambientais dependentes e independentes da resposta: uma investigação dos efeitos de contigüidade versus contingência. 2006. 210 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006.
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