O acaso na filosofia de Charles S. Peirce

• Autor(a) principal: Faria, Tobias A. Rosa
• Data de Publicação: 2017
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP
• Texto Completo: https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20445
• topic: Acaso; Necessitarismo; Metafísica; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4133739P3; Chance; Necessitarianism; Metaphysics; CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::FILOSOFIA

The philosopher Charles S. Peirce argues that chance is an objective principle, that is, it possesses reality. The necessitarians, however, are opposed to this, since they believe everything happens because of necessity. In defense of their position, they defend that necessitarianism is a postulate of scientific reasoning, an idea that Peirce refutes by questioning the very notion of postulate in sciences, in which discoveries occur through abduction, deduction and induction, not only through the second inference. Peirce, however, does not deny the reality of the law. On the contrary, he gives it the status of a cosmological principle, in the form of habit acquisition, still active, as well as the principle of chance, which has the same status. Furthermore, Peirce's criticism does not leave the a priori reasons which the necessitarians resort to unscathed, since he rejects them in the light of John Stuart Mill, though he opposes the justification of induction and the denial of universals presented by Mill. Then, once the arguments defended by the necessitarians have been questioned, Peirce can present his own positive reasons for the reality of chance. These reasons, unlike those defended by the necessitarians, are eminently phenomenological, so they cannot be considered a priori reasons. Chance, in addition, interweaves with the efficient cause and with the final cause, which configures a conception of causation opened to the novelty and spontaneity that only it can confer. Chance is also the genesis of variety, which is attested by phenomenology, though necessitarians projects try to deny it or preserve it without any growth. Peirce evidently refutes them, as he does, in particular, to philosophies for which chance is merely a measure of human ignorance of the causes of a given phenomenon and, in general, to philosophies, even those ones that are not necessitarians, which do not recognize in the idea of chance the metaphysical principle that it is