A morte de Odin? As representações do Ragnarök na arte das Ilhas Britânicas (séc. X)

• Autor(a) principal: Langer, Johnni
• Data de Publicação: 2012
• Tipo de documento: Artigo
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)
• Texto Completo: https://doi.org/10.4000/medievalista.812
• topic: Ragnarök, Norse Mythology, Anglo-Scandinavian Art, Vikings, Odin; Ragnarök, Mitologia Escandinava, Arte Anglo-escandinava, Vikings, Odin.

Our study aims to reflect on the images of Ragnarök in the British area during the late Middle Ages. The main sources are images carved in crosses, funerary sculptures and reliefs in blocks. As the main methodology, we analyze the representations in comparison with the Icelandic literary sources and the images available in the Scandinavian area during the Viking Age, especially on the island of Gotland (continuities, ruptures, variations and reappropriations of Nordic visual culture). For theoretical framework, we employ the ideas of Régis Boyer, Margaret Clunie Ross, Hilda Davidson and John Mckinell, concerning the Norse myths. Jérôme Baschet and Jean-Claude Schmitt will be used as a reference for analysis of images in the Medieval Period and Herne Fuglesang for interpretation of Nordic images.   Bibliography: Primary sources: ANÔNIMO – Völuspá (Codex Regius, Hauksbók, Snorra Edda), Vafþrúðnismál - edição de Sophus Bugge: Sæmundar Edda, 1867, disponível em: Old Norse etexts, http://etext.old.no/ Traduções ao inglês: The Poetic Edda, edição de Lee Hollander. Texas: University of Texas Press, 2008; STURLUSON, Snorri – The Prose Edda, edição de Jesse Byock. London: Penguin Books, 2005.   Secondary sources: BAILEY, Richard - Scandinavian myth on viking-period Stone sculpture in England. in BARNES, Geraldine & ROSS, Margaret Clunie (orgs.) - Old Norse myths, literature and society. Proceedings of the 11th International Saga Conference. Sidney: University of Sidney, 2000, pp. 15-23. BOYER, Régis - Ragnarök. Héros et dieux du Nord: guide iconographique. Paris: Flammarion, 1997. BOYER, Régis - Yggdrasill: La religion des anciens scandinaves. Paris: Payot, 1981. CHRISTIANSEN, Eric - The norsemen in the Viking Age. London: Blackwell, 2006. DAVIDSON, Hilda - Myths and symbols in Pagan Europe: early Scandinavian and celtic religions. London: Syracuse Press, 1988. FRANCO JÚNIOR, Hilário - O ano 1000: tempo de medo ou de esperança? São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1999. FUGLESANG, Signe Horne - Iconographic traditions and models in Scandinavian imagery in BARNES, Geraldine & ROSS, Margaret Clunie (orgs.) - Old Norse myths, literature and society. Proceedings of the 11th International Saga Conference. Sidney: University of Sidney, 2000, pp. 1-11. GRIFFITH, Paddy - The viking art of war. London: Greenhill Books, 1995. HALL, Richard - Viking Age Archaeology in Britain and Ireland. London: Shire Publications, 2010. KERMODE, P.M.C. - Traces of the norse mythology in the Isle of Man. London: Bemrose & Sons, 1904. KOPÁR, Lilla - An intercultural dialogue set in Stone. VIN Seminar I: Myth and cultural memory in the Viking Diaspora. Leicester, UK, 2007, pp. 1-14. LAPIDGE, Michael (org.) - The Blacwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blacwell, 2001. LANG, J. T. - Anglo-scandinavian sculpture in Yorkshire in HALL, Richard (ed.). Viking Age and the North. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1978, pp. 11-20. LANGER, Johnni - Símbolos religiosos dos vikings: guia iconográfico. História, imagem e narrativas 11, 2010, pp. 1-28. LANGER, Johnni - Deuses, monstros, heróis: ensaios de mitologia e religião viking. Brasília: Editora da Universidade de Brasília, 2009. LANGER, Johnni - As estelas de Gotland e as fontes iconográficas da mitologia viking. Brathair 6, 2006, pp. 10-41. LINDOW, John & CLOVER, Carol (orgs.) - Old Norse icelandic literature: a critical guide. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2005. MCKINELL, John - Völuspá and the feast of Easter. Alvíssmál 12, 2008, pp. 3-28. MCKINELL, John - Both one and on many: essays on change and variety in late norse heathenism. Roma: Il Calamo, 1994. MCTURK, Rory (ed) - A company to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and culture. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. NORDAL, Sigurður - Three essays on Völuspá. Saga-book 3 (18), 1972, p. 79-91. PULSIANO, Philip & WOLF, Kirsten (Eds.) - Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia. London: Routledge, 1993. RUSSELL, James - The germanization of early medieval Christianity: a sociohistorical approach to religious transformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. SEABORNE, Malcolm - Celtic crosses of Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Shire Publications, 1994. SØRENSEN, Preben Meulengracht - Religions Old and New in SAWYER, Peter (org.) - The Oxford Ilustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. STONE, Alby - Hogbacks: Christian and pagan imagery on Viking Age monuments. 3rd Stone 33, January-march 1999, pp. 16-20. WILSON, David - Manx memorial Stones of the Viking Period. Saga-Book 18, 1970-1971, p. 1-18. WÜRTH, Stefanie - Ragnarök: Götterdämmerung und Weltende in der nordischen Literatur in ROSS, Margaret Clunies & BARNES, Geraldine. Old Norse Myths, literature and society. Sydney: University of Sydney, 2000, pp. 580-589.