Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2015 |
Outros Autores: | , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/49278 |
Resumo: | Studies based on a scientific approach to materials and techniques used in Portuguese gilded retables from the Baroque are very scarce and focus particularly on works with erudite features and on the characterization of the superficial gold leaf. The conservation and appearance of gilded surfaces, however, depended on the qualities of the clayey ground layer underneath, which is the bole. Colour and texture are closely related to its mineralogical composition. Boles were healing clays. Red to orange varieties could also be used for gilding, usually agglutinated with animal glue when the gold surface was meant to be burnished. Armenian was the name used to identify the best quality material. Microsamples collected from erudite and popular gilded retables, respectively belonging to the city of Oporto and its rural surroundings, were selected for elemental and mineralogical characterization. It was intended to shed light on the characteristics of boles used in Portuguese retables and to understand if there are any differences between materials used in works of distinct artistic quality. Elemental analysis was performed through SEM–EDS. SR-XRD was used for phase identification, performed with a six-circle diffractometer at the DIFFABS beamline of SOLEIL Synchrotron. Portuguese clay standards of identifiable composition and provenance were also analysed. The results suggest that boles are mainly kaolinitic, with variable amounts of illite and smectite. Gypsum was used as an extender. Although the proportions of the main clay minerals are similar in erudite and popular works, in Oporto homogeneity is clearly higher. |
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Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retablesStudies based on a scientific approach to materials and techniques used in Portuguese gilded retables from the Baroque are very scarce and focus particularly on works with erudite features and on the characterization of the superficial gold leaf. The conservation and appearance of gilded surfaces, however, depended on the qualities of the clayey ground layer underneath, which is the bole. Colour and texture are closely related to its mineralogical composition. Boles were healing clays. Red to orange varieties could also be used for gilding, usually agglutinated with animal glue when the gold surface was meant to be burnished. Armenian was the name used to identify the best quality material. Microsamples collected from erudite and popular gilded retables, respectively belonging to the city of Oporto and its rural surroundings, were selected for elemental and mineralogical characterization. It was intended to shed light on the characteristics of boles used in Portuguese retables and to understand if there are any differences between materials used in works of distinct artistic quality. Elemental analysis was performed through SEM–EDS. SR-XRD was used for phase identification, performed with a six-circle diffractometer at the DIFFABS beamline of SOLEIL Synchrotron. Portuguese clay standards of identifiable composition and provenance were also analysed. The results suggest that boles are mainly kaolinitic, with variable amounts of illite and smectite. Gypsum was used as an extender. Although the proportions of the main clay minerals are similar in erudite and popular works, in Oporto homogeneity is clearly higher.Repositório ComumBarata, C.Rocha, F.Cruz, António JoãoAndrejkovicová, S.Reguer, S.2024-01-23T16:08:45Z20152024-01-20T23:06:43Z2015-01-01T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/49278engcv-prod-41711810.1016/j.clay.2015.08.0122-s2.0-84939613324WOS:000361864300006metadata only accessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-01-25T15:00:21Zoai:comum.rcaap.pt:10400.26/49278Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-20T01:57:05.774695Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables |
title |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables |
spellingShingle |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables Barata, C. |
title_short |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables |
title_full |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables |
title_fullStr |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables |
title_full_unstemmed |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables |
title_sort |
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of bole layers from Portuguese gilded baroque retables |
author |
Barata, C. |
author_facet |
Barata, C. Rocha, F. Cruz, António João Andrejkovicová, S. Reguer, S. |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Rocha, F. Cruz, António João Andrejkovicová, S. Reguer, S. |
author2_role |
author author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Comum |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Barata, C. Rocha, F. Cruz, António João Andrejkovicová, S. Reguer, S. |
description |
Studies based on a scientific approach to materials and techniques used in Portuguese gilded retables from the Baroque are very scarce and focus particularly on works with erudite features and on the characterization of the superficial gold leaf. The conservation and appearance of gilded surfaces, however, depended on the qualities of the clayey ground layer underneath, which is the bole. Colour and texture are closely related to its mineralogical composition. Boles were healing clays. Red to orange varieties could also be used for gilding, usually agglutinated with animal glue when the gold surface was meant to be burnished. Armenian was the name used to identify the best quality material. Microsamples collected from erudite and popular gilded retables, respectively belonging to the city of Oporto and its rural surroundings, were selected for elemental and mineralogical characterization. It was intended to shed light on the characteristics of boles used in Portuguese retables and to understand if there are any differences between materials used in works of distinct artistic quality. Elemental analysis was performed through SEM–EDS. SR-XRD was used for phase identification, performed with a six-circle diffractometer at the DIFFABS beamline of SOLEIL Synchrotron. Portuguese clay standards of identifiable composition and provenance were also analysed. The results suggest that boles are mainly kaolinitic, with variable amounts of illite and smectite. Gypsum was used as an extender. Although the proportions of the main clay minerals are similar in erudite and popular works, in Oporto homogeneity is clearly higher. |
publishDate |
2015 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2015 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z 2024-01-23T16:08:45Z 2024-01-20T23:06:43Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/49278 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/49278 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
cv-prod-417118 10.1016/j.clay.2015.08.012 2-s2.0-84939613324 WOS:000361864300006 |
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metadata only access info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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metadata only access |
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openAccess |
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application/pdf |
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reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação instacron:RCAAP |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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RCAAP |
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RCAAP |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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