Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Outros Autores: | , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4783 |
Resumo: | Using annual household surveys from 2004 to 2019, we examine the existence of a gender labor income gap among older persons in Peru. Two labor income models are estimated: Model 1 uses a basic set of demographic, socioeconomic, and personal characteristics as regressors (also called endowments); Model 2 uses the basic set plus additional personal characteristics. The Mincer‐type relationship holds with positive returns for education and experience, and the anticipated association to the endowments. The Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition yields an explained labor income gender gap of 44.4% (Model 1) and 51.5% (Model 2), i.e., controlling for endowments, approximately one half of the labor income difference remains unexplained and can be attributed to discrimination and labor segregation. In light of these results, we estimate Model 3 with two additional variables (head of household and beneficiary of intergenerational private transfer) which attempt to capture gendered stereotypes. With these two variables which provide information on gender discrimination the explained labor income gap for Model 3 is 71.1%—an increase of 19.6%. The unexplained component of the difference in labor income amounts to 28.8% that we attribute to unobserved variables that operate as post‐labor market elements in patriarchal societies. Results show that gender inequity during a woman’s life‐span manifests acutely among older women, which raises important implications for policy interventions. |
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Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peruaging; gender inequity; labor earnings; older persons; pension coverage; PeruUsing annual household surveys from 2004 to 2019, we examine the existence of a gender labor income gap among older persons in Peru. Two labor income models are estimated: Model 1 uses a basic set of demographic, socioeconomic, and personal characteristics as regressors (also called endowments); Model 2 uses the basic set plus additional personal characteristics. The Mincer‐type relationship holds with positive returns for education and experience, and the anticipated association to the endowments. The Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition yields an explained labor income gender gap of 44.4% (Model 1) and 51.5% (Model 2), i.e., controlling for endowments, approximately one half of the labor income difference remains unexplained and can be attributed to discrimination and labor segregation. In light of these results, we estimate Model 3 with two additional variables (head of household and beneficiary of intergenerational private transfer) which attempt to capture gendered stereotypes. With these two variables which provide information on gender discrimination the explained labor income gap for Model 3 is 71.1%—an increase of 19.6%. The unexplained component of the difference in labor income amounts to 28.8% that we attribute to unobserved variables that operate as post‐labor market elements in patriarchal societies. Results show that gender inequity during a woman’s life‐span manifests acutely among older women, which raises important implications for policy interventions.Cogitatio2022-01-25info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4783oai:ojs.cogitatiopress.com:article/4783Social Inclusion; Vol 10, No 1 (2022): Recent Trends in Inequality and Exclusion in Latin America; 35-452183-2803reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAPenghttps://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4783https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4783https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4783/4783Copyright (c) 2022 Maria Amparo Cruz Saco, Mirian Gil, Cynthia Camposhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessCruz Saco, Maria AmparoGil, MirianCampos, Cynthia2022-12-20T10:59:58Zoai:ojs.cogitatiopress.com:article/4783Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T16:21:31.129461Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru |
title |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru |
spellingShingle |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru Cruz Saco, Maria Amparo aging; gender inequity; labor earnings; older persons; pension coverage; Peru |
title_short |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru |
title_full |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru |
title_fullStr |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru |
title_full_unstemmed |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru |
title_sort |
Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru |
author |
Cruz Saco, Maria Amparo |
author_facet |
Cruz Saco, Maria Amparo Gil, Mirian Campos, Cynthia |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Gil, Mirian Campos, Cynthia |
author2_role |
author author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Cruz Saco, Maria Amparo Gil, Mirian Campos, Cynthia |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
aging; gender inequity; labor earnings; older persons; pension coverage; Peru |
topic |
aging; gender inequity; labor earnings; older persons; pension coverage; Peru |
description |
Using annual household surveys from 2004 to 2019, we examine the existence of a gender labor income gap among older persons in Peru. Two labor income models are estimated: Model 1 uses a basic set of demographic, socioeconomic, and personal characteristics as regressors (also called endowments); Model 2 uses the basic set plus additional personal characteristics. The Mincer‐type relationship holds with positive returns for education and experience, and the anticipated association to the endowments. The Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition yields an explained labor income gender gap of 44.4% (Model 1) and 51.5% (Model 2), i.e., controlling for endowments, approximately one half of the labor income difference remains unexplained and can be attributed to discrimination and labor segregation. In light of these results, we estimate Model 3 with two additional variables (head of household and beneficiary of intergenerational private transfer) which attempt to capture gendered stereotypes. With these two variables which provide information on gender discrimination the explained labor income gap for Model 3 is 71.1%—an increase of 19.6%. The unexplained component of the difference in labor income amounts to 28.8% that we attribute to unobserved variables that operate as post‐labor market elements in patriarchal societies. Results show that gender inequity during a woman’s life‐span manifests acutely among older women, which raises important implications for policy interventions. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-25 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4783 oai:ojs.cogitatiopress.com:article/4783 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4783 |
identifier_str_mv |
oai:ojs.cogitatiopress.com:article/4783 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4783 https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4783 https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4783/4783 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
Copyright (c) 2022 Maria Amparo Cruz Saco, Mirian Gil, Cynthia Campos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Copyright (c) 2022 Maria Amparo Cruz Saco, Mirian Gil, Cynthia Campos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Cogitatio |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Cogitatio |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Social Inclusion; Vol 10, No 1 (2022): Recent Trends in Inequality and Exclusion in Latin America; 35-45 2183-2803 reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação instacron:RCAAP |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
instacron_str |
RCAAP |
institution |
RCAAP |
reponame_str |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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1799130661990170624 |