Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019)
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2021 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10451/49379 |
Resumo: | Conservation and policy agendas, such as the European Biodiversity strategy, Aichi biodiversity (target 5) and Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), are overlooking the progress made in mountain grassland cover conservation by 2020, which has significant socio-ecological implications to Europe. However, because the existing data near 2020 is scarce, the shifting character of mountain grasslands remains poorly characterized, and even less is known about the conservation outcomes because of different governance regimes and map uncertainty. Our study used Landsat satellite imagery over a transboundary mountain region in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Peneda-Gerês) to shed light on these aspects. Supervised classifications with a multiple classifier ensemble approach (MCE) were performed, with post classification comparison of maps established and bias-corrected to identify the trajectory in grassland cover, including protected and unprotected governance regimes. By analysing class-allocation (Shannon entropy), creating 95% confidence intervals for the area estimates, and evaluating the class-allocation thematic accuracy relationship, we characterized uncertainty in the findings. The bias-corrected estimates suggest that the positive progress claimed internationally by 2020 was not achieved. Our null hypothesis to declare a positive progress (at least equality in the proportion of grassland cover of 2019 and 2002) was rejected (X2 = 1972.1, df = 1, p < 0.001). The majority of grassland cover remained stable (67.1 ± 10.1 relative to 2002), but loss (−32.8 ± 7.1% relative to 2002 grasslands cover) overcame gain areas (+11.4 ± 6.6%), indicating net loss as the prevailing pattern over the transboundary study area (−21.4%). This feature prevailed at all extents of analysis (lowlands, −22.9%; mountains, −17.9%; mountains protected, −14.4%; mountains unprotected, −19.7%). The results also evidenced that mountain protected governance regimes experienced a lower decline in grassland extent compared to unprotected. Shannon entropy values were also significantly lower in correctly classified validation sites (z = −5.69, p = 0.0001, n = 708) suggesting a relationship between the quality of pixel assignment and thematic accuracy. We therefore encourage a post-2020 conservation and policy action to safeguard mountain grasslands by enhancing the role of protected governance regimes. To reduce uncertainty, grassland gain mapping requires additional remote sensing research to find the most adequate spatial and temporal data resolution to retrieve this process. |
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Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019)Grasslands cover mappingMultiple classifier ensembleBias-corrected area estimatesShannon entropy uncertaintyConservation policyConservation and policy agendas, such as the European Biodiversity strategy, Aichi biodiversity (target 5) and Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), are overlooking the progress made in mountain grassland cover conservation by 2020, which has significant socio-ecological implications to Europe. However, because the existing data near 2020 is scarce, the shifting character of mountain grasslands remains poorly characterized, and even less is known about the conservation outcomes because of different governance regimes and map uncertainty. Our study used Landsat satellite imagery over a transboundary mountain region in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Peneda-Gerês) to shed light on these aspects. Supervised classifications with a multiple classifier ensemble approach (MCE) were performed, with post classification comparison of maps established and bias-corrected to identify the trajectory in grassland cover, including protected and unprotected governance regimes. By analysing class-allocation (Shannon entropy), creating 95% confidence intervals for the area estimates, and evaluating the class-allocation thematic accuracy relationship, we characterized uncertainty in the findings. The bias-corrected estimates suggest that the positive progress claimed internationally by 2020 was not achieved. Our null hypothesis to declare a positive progress (at least equality in the proportion of grassland cover of 2019 and 2002) was rejected (X2 = 1972.1, df = 1, p < 0.001). The majority of grassland cover remained stable (67.1 ± 10.1 relative to 2002), but loss (−32.8 ± 7.1% relative to 2002 grasslands cover) overcame gain areas (+11.4 ± 6.6%), indicating net loss as the prevailing pattern over the transboundary study area (−21.4%). This feature prevailed at all extents of analysis (lowlands, −22.9%; mountains, −17.9%; mountains protected, −14.4%; mountains unprotected, −19.7%). The results also evidenced that mountain protected governance regimes experienced a lower decline in grassland extent compared to unprotected. Shannon entropy values were also significantly lower in correctly classified validation sites (z = −5.69, p = 0.0001, n = 708) suggesting a relationship between the quality of pixel assignment and thematic accuracy. We therefore encourage a post-2020 conservation and policy action to safeguard mountain grasslands by enhancing the role of protected governance regimes. To reduce uncertainty, grassland gain mapping requires additional remote sensing research to find the most adequate spatial and temporal data resolution to retrieve this process.MDPIRepositório da Universidade de LisboaMonteiro, AntonioCarvalho-Santos, CláudiaLucas, RichardRocha, JorgeMarques da Costa, NunoGiamberini, MariasilviaMarques da Costa, EduardaFava, Francesco2021-09-01T09:28:56Z20212021-01-01T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10451/49379engMonteiro, A. T., Carvalho-Santos, C., Lucas, R. [et al.] (2021). Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019). Remote Sensing, 13(15), 3019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1315301910.3390/rs131530192072-4292info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2023-11-08T16:53:08Zoai:repositorio.ul.pt:10451/49379Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T22:01:02.402954Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) |
title |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) |
spellingShingle |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) Monteiro, Antonio Grasslands cover mapping Multiple classifier ensemble Bias-corrected area estimates Shannon entropy uncertainty Conservation policy |
title_short |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) |
title_full |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) |
title_fullStr |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) |
title_sort |
Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019) |
author |
Monteiro, Antonio |
author_facet |
Monteiro, Antonio Carvalho-Santos, Cláudia Lucas, Richard Rocha, Jorge Marques da Costa, Nuno Giamberini, Mariasilvia Marques da Costa, Eduarda Fava, Francesco |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Carvalho-Santos, Cláudia Lucas, Richard Rocha, Jorge Marques da Costa, Nuno Giamberini, Mariasilvia Marques da Costa, Eduarda Fava, Francesco |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Monteiro, Antonio Carvalho-Santos, Cláudia Lucas, Richard Rocha, Jorge Marques da Costa, Nuno Giamberini, Mariasilvia Marques da Costa, Eduarda Fava, Francesco |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Grasslands cover mapping Multiple classifier ensemble Bias-corrected area estimates Shannon entropy uncertainty Conservation policy |
topic |
Grasslands cover mapping Multiple classifier ensemble Bias-corrected area estimates Shannon entropy uncertainty Conservation policy |
description |
Conservation and policy agendas, such as the European Biodiversity strategy, Aichi biodiversity (target 5) and Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), are overlooking the progress made in mountain grassland cover conservation by 2020, which has significant socio-ecological implications to Europe. However, because the existing data near 2020 is scarce, the shifting character of mountain grasslands remains poorly characterized, and even less is known about the conservation outcomes because of different governance regimes and map uncertainty. Our study used Landsat satellite imagery over a transboundary mountain region in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Peneda-Gerês) to shed light on these aspects. Supervised classifications with a multiple classifier ensemble approach (MCE) were performed, with post classification comparison of maps established and bias-corrected to identify the trajectory in grassland cover, including protected and unprotected governance regimes. By analysing class-allocation (Shannon entropy), creating 95% confidence intervals for the area estimates, and evaluating the class-allocation thematic accuracy relationship, we characterized uncertainty in the findings. The bias-corrected estimates suggest that the positive progress claimed internationally by 2020 was not achieved. Our null hypothesis to declare a positive progress (at least equality in the proportion of grassland cover of 2019 and 2002) was rejected (X2 = 1972.1, df = 1, p < 0.001). The majority of grassland cover remained stable (67.1 ± 10.1 relative to 2002), but loss (−32.8 ± 7.1% relative to 2002 grasslands cover) overcame gain areas (+11.4 ± 6.6%), indicating net loss as the prevailing pattern over the transboundary study area (−21.4%). This feature prevailed at all extents of analysis (lowlands, −22.9%; mountains, −17.9%; mountains protected, −14.4%; mountains unprotected, −19.7%). The results also evidenced that mountain protected governance regimes experienced a lower decline in grassland extent compared to unprotected. Shannon entropy values were also significantly lower in correctly classified validation sites (z = −5.69, p = 0.0001, n = 708) suggesting a relationship between the quality of pixel assignment and thematic accuracy. We therefore encourage a post-2020 conservation and policy action to safeguard mountain grasslands by enhancing the role of protected governance regimes. To reduce uncertainty, grassland gain mapping requires additional remote sensing research to find the most adequate spatial and temporal data resolution to retrieve this process. |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-09-01T09:28:56Z 2021 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10451/49379 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10451/49379 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
Monteiro, A. T., Carvalho-Santos, C., Lucas, R. [et al.] (2021). Progress in grassland cover conservation in Southern European Mountains by 2020: a transboundary assessment in the Iberian Peninsula with satellite observations (2002–2019). Remote Sensing, 13(15), 3019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153019 10.3390/rs13153019 2072-4292 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
MDPI |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
MDPI |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação instacron:RCAAP |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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RCAAP |
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RCAAP |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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