Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Trindade, Alessandro Bezerra
Data de Publicação: 2020
Outros Autores: http://lattes.cnpq.br/4511445991061477, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-2919
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAM
Texto Completo: https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/7671
Resumo: With decreasing costs and increasing performance, the deployment of renewable energy systems is now growing faster than in the past decade. In 2017, for the first time, the number of people without access to electricity dipped below 1 billion, but trends in energy access still fall short of global goals. Particular attention is given to stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems in rural areas or where grid extension is unfeasible. Tools to evaluate or to size electrification projects are available, but they are based on simulations that do not cover all aspects of the design space. However, the use of formal methods to model and validate any system has grown with time, mainly to find bugs in sophisticated hardware and software systems: they aim to establish system correctness with mathematical rigor. The use of formal methods in electrical systems is a new subject, with published research spanning only the last four years. Moreover, the use of automated synthesis in order to obtain optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic systems has never been done before. This thesis marks the achievement of two major goals: first, the application of software model checking to verify formally the design of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic system, including solar panel, charge controller, battery, inverter, and electric load; second, a sound, automated approach to obtaining optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic systems using program synthesis. For the formal verification, we used case studies from real photovoltaic systems deployed in five different sites, ranging from $975$ W to $1,300$ W, in order to evaluate the proposed approach and to compare it with a specialized simulation tool. Different verification tools are evaluated also, in order to compare performance and soundness. Data from practical applications show the effectiveness of our proposed approach, where specific conditions that lead to failures in a photovoltaic solar system are detailed only by the automated verification method. In addition, for the use of program synthesis, we propose a variant of the counterexample guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) approach. This variant has two phases linking the technical and the cost analysis. First, we synthesize a feasible candidate based on power reliability, but which may not attain the lowest cost. Second, the candidate is then verified iteratively with a lower bound cost via symbolic model checking. If the verification step succeeds, the lower bound is adjusted; if it fails, a counterexample provides the optimal solution. The proposed synthesis method is novel and unprecedented as it streamlines the design of photovoltaic systems. Experimental results using seven case studies demonstrate that our synthesis method can produce optimal system sizing within an acceptable run-time. We also present a comparison with a specialized simulation tool over real photovoltaic systems in order to show the effectiveness of our approach, which can provide a more detailed and accurate solution than the simulation tool.
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spelling Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project ValidationVerificação Automática de Sistemas Solares Fotovoltaicos Off-grid: Dimensionamento Ótimo e Validação de ProjetoSistema solar fotovoltaicoEnergia renovávelVerificação formalVerificação automatizadaSistemas de energia elétricaCIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA: CIÊNCIA DA COMPUTAÇÃOFormal verificationAutomated verificationModel checkingProgram synthesisElectrical systemsSolar photovoltaic systemsWith decreasing costs and increasing performance, the deployment of renewable energy systems is now growing faster than in the past decade. In 2017, for the first time, the number of people without access to electricity dipped below 1 billion, but trends in energy access still fall short of global goals. Particular attention is given to stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems in rural areas or where grid extension is unfeasible. Tools to evaluate or to size electrification projects are available, but they are based on simulations that do not cover all aspects of the design space. However, the use of formal methods to model and validate any system has grown with time, mainly to find bugs in sophisticated hardware and software systems: they aim to establish system correctness with mathematical rigor. The use of formal methods in electrical systems is a new subject, with published research spanning only the last four years. Moreover, the use of automated synthesis in order to obtain optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic systems has never been done before. This thesis marks the achievement of two major goals: first, the application of software model checking to verify formally the design of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic system, including solar panel, charge controller, battery, inverter, and electric load; second, a sound, automated approach to obtaining optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic systems using program synthesis. For the formal verification, we used case studies from real photovoltaic systems deployed in five different sites, ranging from $975$ W to $1,300$ W, in order to evaluate the proposed approach and to compare it with a specialized simulation tool. Different verification tools are evaluated also, in order to compare performance and soundness. Data from practical applications show the effectiveness of our proposed approach, where specific conditions that lead to failures in a photovoltaic solar system are detailed only by the automated verification method. In addition, for the use of program synthesis, we propose a variant of the counterexample guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) approach. This variant has two phases linking the technical and the cost analysis. First, we synthesize a feasible candidate based on power reliability, but which may not attain the lowest cost. Second, the candidate is then verified iteratively with a lower bound cost via symbolic model checking. If the verification step succeeds, the lower bound is adjusted; if it fails, a counterexample provides the optimal solution. The proposed synthesis method is novel and unprecedented as it streamlines the design of photovoltaic systems. Experimental results using seven case studies demonstrate that our synthesis method can produce optimal system sizing within an acceptable run-time. We also present a comparison with a specialized simulation tool over real photovoltaic systems in order to show the effectiveness of our approach, which can provide a more detailed and accurate solution than the simulation tool.Com custos decrescentes e com melhoria de desempenho, a implantação de sistemas de energia renovável está crescendo cada vez mais rapidamente no mundo. Em 2017, pela primeira vez, o número de pessoas sem acesso a eletricidade ficou abaixo de 1 bilhão, mas os dados quanto à universalização do acesso a energia ficaram aquém das metas globais. Particular atenção é dada aos sistemas isolados solares fotovoltaicos em áreas rurais ou onde as elevadas extensões tornam a rede inviável. Ferramentas para avaliar ou dimensionar projetos de eletrificação estão disponíveis, mas elas são baseadas em simulações que não cobrem todos os aspectos do espaço de projeto. Por outro lado, o uso de métodos formais para modelar e validar qualquer tipo de sistema está crescendo com o tempo, principalmente para encontrar "bugs" em sistemas complexos de \textit{hardware} e \textit{software}: seu objetivo é estabelecer a corretude do sistema com rigor matemático. O uso de métodos formais em sistemas elétricos é um assunto recente, com pesquisas sendo publicadas apenas nos últimos quatro anos. Além disso, a síntese automatizada nunca foi usada antes para se obter um ótimo dimensionamento de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos. Esta tese marca duas conquistas principais: (1) a primeira aplicação de verificação de modelos de \textit{software} para verificar o projeto de um sistema isolado solar fotovoltaico, incluindo painel solar, controlador de carga, bateria, inversor e carga elétrica; e (2) uma abordagem confiável e automatizada para obter o dimensionamento ótimo de sistemas fotovoltaicos usando a síntese de programas onde cada componente e função de um sistema solar fotovoltaico é descrito, incluindo suas propriedades, e o modelo comportamental que representa o dimensionamento ótimo é sintetizado automaticamente. Relacionado à verificação formal, estudos de caso de sistemas fotovoltaicos reais instalados em cinco localidades diferentes são usados para avaliar a abordagem proposta e para compará-la com ferramenta de simulação especializada. Diferentes ferramentas de verificação são avaliadas também, a fim de comparar o desempenho e a confiabilidade dos resultados. Dados de aplicações práticas mostram a eficácia da abordagem proposta, onde condições específicas que levam a falhas em um sistema solar fotovoltaico são detalhadas apenas pelo método de verificação automatizado. Além disso, em relação ao uso da síntese de programas, propõe-se uma variante do método de síntese indutiva guiada por contraexemplos (CEGIS), com duas fases bem definidas: primeiro, ele sintetiza o dimensionamento de sistemas fotovoltaicos baseados em confiabilidade de energia, mas que pode não alcançar o menor custo; segundo, a solução proposta é então verificada iterativamente com um limite inferior via verificação de modelo simbólico. Se a etapa de verificação não falhar, o limite inferior será ajustado; e se falhar, o contraexemplo é fornecido com o dimensionamento ótimo, vinculando assim a resposta técnica da primeira fase à análise de custo da segunda fase. Os dados de equipamentos comerciais de diferentes fabricantes são fornecidos ao mecanismo de síntese e as soluções candidatas são derivadas da análise financeira do dimensionamento obtido. O método de síntese proposto é novo e sem precedentes para simplificar o projeto de sistemas fotovoltaicos. Resultados experimentais usando sete estudos de caso mostram que o nosso método de síntese é capaz de produzir em um tempo de execução aceitável o dimensionamento ótimo do sistema fotovoltaico, e um comparativo com uma ferramenta de simulação especializada e sistemas fotovoltaicos reais mostra a eficácia da abordagem adotada.FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do AmazonasNewton FundFAS - Fundação Amazonas SustentávelUniversidade Federal do AmazonasInstituto de ComputaçãoBrasilUFAMPrograma de Pós-graduação em InformáticaCordeiro, Lucas Carvalhohttp://lattes.cnpq.br/5005832876603012Mota, Edjard de Souzahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/0757666181169076Barreto, Raimundo da Silvahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/1132672107627968Silva, Sidelmo Magalhãeshttp://lattes.cnpq.br/4356279128408928Trindade, Alessandro Bezerrahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/4511445991061477https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-29192020-02-17T19:03:16Z2020-01-31info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisapplication/pdfTRINDADE, Alessandro Bezerra. Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation. 2020. 130 f. Tese (Doutorado em Informática) - Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, 2020.https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/7671enghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAMinstname:Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)instacron:UFAM2020-02-18T05:03:42Zoai:https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/:tede/7671Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttp://200.129.163.131:8080/PUBhttp://200.129.163.131:8080/oai/requestddbc@ufam.edu.br||ddbc@ufam.edu.bropendoar:65922020-02-18T05:03:42Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAM - Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)false
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
Verificação Automática de Sistemas Solares Fotovoltaicos Off-grid: Dimensionamento Ótimo e Validação de Projeto
title Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
spellingShingle Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
Trindade, Alessandro Bezerra
Sistema solar fotovoltaico
Energia renovável
Verificação formal
Verificação automatizada
Sistemas de energia elétrica
CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA: CIÊNCIA DA COMPUTAÇÃO
Formal verification
Automated verification
Model checking
Program synthesis
Electrical systems
Solar photovoltaic systems
title_short Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
title_full Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
title_fullStr Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
title_full_unstemmed Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
title_sort Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation
author Trindade, Alessandro Bezerra
author_facet Trindade, Alessandro Bezerra
http://lattes.cnpq.br/4511445991061477
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-2919
author_role author
author2 http://lattes.cnpq.br/4511445991061477
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-2919
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Cordeiro, Lucas Carvalho
http://lattes.cnpq.br/5005832876603012
Mota, Edjard de Souza
http://lattes.cnpq.br/0757666181169076
Barreto, Raimundo da Silva
http://lattes.cnpq.br/1132672107627968
Silva, Sidelmo Magalhães
http://lattes.cnpq.br/4356279128408928
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Trindade, Alessandro Bezerra
http://lattes.cnpq.br/4511445991061477
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-2919
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Sistema solar fotovoltaico
Energia renovável
Verificação formal
Verificação automatizada
Sistemas de energia elétrica
CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA: CIÊNCIA DA COMPUTAÇÃO
Formal verification
Automated verification
Model checking
Program synthesis
Electrical systems
Solar photovoltaic systems
topic Sistema solar fotovoltaico
Energia renovável
Verificação formal
Verificação automatizada
Sistemas de energia elétrica
CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA: CIÊNCIA DA COMPUTAÇÃO
Formal verification
Automated verification
Model checking
Program synthesis
Electrical systems
Solar photovoltaic systems
description With decreasing costs and increasing performance, the deployment of renewable energy systems is now growing faster than in the past decade. In 2017, for the first time, the number of people without access to electricity dipped below 1 billion, but trends in energy access still fall short of global goals. Particular attention is given to stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems in rural areas or where grid extension is unfeasible. Tools to evaluate or to size electrification projects are available, but they are based on simulations that do not cover all aspects of the design space. However, the use of formal methods to model and validate any system has grown with time, mainly to find bugs in sophisticated hardware and software systems: they aim to establish system correctness with mathematical rigor. The use of formal methods in electrical systems is a new subject, with published research spanning only the last four years. Moreover, the use of automated synthesis in order to obtain optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic systems has never been done before. This thesis marks the achievement of two major goals: first, the application of software model checking to verify formally the design of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic system, including solar panel, charge controller, battery, inverter, and electric load; second, a sound, automated approach to obtaining optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic systems using program synthesis. For the formal verification, we used case studies from real photovoltaic systems deployed in five different sites, ranging from $975$ W to $1,300$ W, in order to evaluate the proposed approach and to compare it with a specialized simulation tool. Different verification tools are evaluated also, in order to compare performance and soundness. Data from practical applications show the effectiveness of our proposed approach, where specific conditions that lead to failures in a photovoltaic solar system are detailed only by the automated verification method. In addition, for the use of program synthesis, we propose a variant of the counterexample guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) approach. This variant has two phases linking the technical and the cost analysis. First, we synthesize a feasible candidate based on power reliability, but which may not attain the lowest cost. Second, the candidate is then verified iteratively with a lower bound cost via symbolic model checking. If the verification step succeeds, the lower bound is adjusted; if it fails, a counterexample provides the optimal solution. The proposed synthesis method is novel and unprecedented as it streamlines the design of photovoltaic systems. Experimental results using seven case studies demonstrate that our synthesis method can produce optimal system sizing within an acceptable run-time. We also present a comparison with a specialized simulation tool over real photovoltaic systems in order to show the effectiveness of our approach, which can provide a more detailed and accurate solution than the simulation tool.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2020-02-17T19:03:16Z
2020-01-31
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
format doctoralThesis
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv TRINDADE, Alessandro Bezerra. Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation. 2020. 130 f. Tese (Doutorado em Informática) - Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, 2020.
https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/7671
identifier_str_mv TRINDADE, Alessandro Bezerra. Automated Verification of Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Optimal Sizing and Project Validation. 2020. 130 f. Tese (Doutorado em Informática) - Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, 2020.
url https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/7671
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal do Amazonas
Instituto de Computação
Brasil
UFAM
Programa de Pós-graduação em Informática
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal do Amazonas
Instituto de Computação
Brasil
UFAM
Programa de Pós-graduação em Informática
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAM
instname:Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)
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instname_str Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)
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institution UFAM
reponame_str Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAM
collection Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAM
repository.name.fl_str_mv Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAM - Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)
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