New vaccine adjuvants: an important tool for immunotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis

• Autor(a) principal: Nascimento, Leopoldo Fabrício Marçal do
• Data de Publicação: 2019
• Outros Autores: Moura, Luana Dias de, Lima, Rebecca Tavares, Cruz, Maria do Socorro Pires e
• Tipo de documento: Artigo
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: HU Revista (Online)
• Texto Completo: https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/hurevista/article/view/14123
• topic: Recombinant proteins; Adjuvants; Vaccine; Leishmaniasis; Proteínas recombinantes; Adjuvantes; Vacina; Leishmaniose

Many of the vaccines in development are currently composed of individual antigenic proteins from parasites or a combination of several individual antigens that are produced as recombinant products obtained by molecular biology techniques. Among them, Leish-111f and its Leish-110f variation have gained prominence in protection against LV and LC and already have Phase II clinical trials in humans. The efficacy of a vaccine is optimized by the addition of immunological adjuvants. However, although adjuvants have been used for more than a century, until present date, only a few adjuvants are approved for use in humans, most intended to improve vaccine efficacy, the production of antigen-specific protective antibodies and an appropriate cell-immune response. The mechanisms of action of immunological adjuvants are diverse depending on their chemical and molecular nature being able to activate specific immune cells leading to improved innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the molecular mechanism of action of many adjuvants is still unknown, the discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has provided critical information on the immunostimulatory effect of numerous bacterial components involving interaction with TLR showing that these ligands improve both the quality as the amount of host adaptive immune responses when used in vaccine formulations. The potential of these TLR adjuvants in improving the design and results of many vaccines is in constantly evolution as new molecules agonists are discovered and tested in experimental models and clinical trials as well. In this review, a summary of recent progress in the development of second generation recombinant proteins and adjuvants of TLR is presented, being the main focus in TLR4 and its improvements.