Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2021 |
Tipo de documento: | Tese |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da UFMG |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/1843/38861 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-3952 |
Resumo: | This thesis aims to analyze the legal relevance and forms of instrumentalization of the right to explanation of automated decisions in the context of European Union Law. Under the prisms of trade secret protection, privacy and data protection, competition and consumer law, the investigation identifies legal provisions of primary and secondary European law, as well as complementary sources, which support the existence of a right to explanation. Additionally, the proportionality in the weighing of fundamental rights can corroborate the legal and technical implementation of this right, for which this thesis proposes practical suggestions that are consistent with the Google Search platform, chosen as the object of study through which the analyzes would be carried out. Revisiting Lawrence Lessig's idea that (computational) code would shape society's behavior, accommodated by Shoshana Zuboff's recent contributions on surveillance capitalism, I propose that law (norms) can also be translated into (programming) code. Many steps in this direction have already been taken and continue to be in recently proposed legislation. Robust laws in the areas of data protection, trade secrets protection, competition and consumer law currently subsidize claims for explanation that can be filed with different administrative bodies and be examined by European courts. Competition authorities have already proven that there can be real consequences in the reformulation of some of these practices in the private sector, as seen in previous cases of Google within the scope of the European Commission. Since there is a large asymmetry of information between automated decision-making platforms and its users, by disclosing a portion of an algorithm’s inner functioning (purposes, reasoning, inputs and deciding parameters taken into consideration etc.), in an appropriate fashion to the average user for whom the explanation is aimed, it is possible to better enforce consumer welfare and safeguard competition standards. The substance of this study recognizes the importance of a right to explanation as a stepping stone for algorithmic governance, especially with regard to Google’s search engine and its applications. |
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Fabrício Bertini Pasquot Polidohttp://lattes.cnpq.br/0945463330398836Julien CabayEmilio Peluso Neder MeyerAndrée PuttemansAna de Oliveira FrazãoAlain Strowelhttp://lattes.cnpq.br/6223739836948293Lucas Costa dos Anjos2021-12-15T22:30:42Z2021-12-15T22:30:42Z2021-11-23http://hdl.handle.net/1843/38861https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-3952This thesis aims to analyze the legal relevance and forms of instrumentalization of the right to explanation of automated decisions in the context of European Union Law. Under the prisms of trade secret protection, privacy and data protection, competition and consumer law, the investigation identifies legal provisions of primary and secondary European law, as well as complementary sources, which support the existence of a right to explanation. Additionally, the proportionality in the weighing of fundamental rights can corroborate the legal and technical implementation of this right, for which this thesis proposes practical suggestions that are consistent with the Google Search platform, chosen as the object of study through which the analyzes would be carried out. Revisiting Lawrence Lessig's idea that (computational) code would shape society's behavior, accommodated by Shoshana Zuboff's recent contributions on surveillance capitalism, I propose that law (norms) can also be translated into (programming) code. Many steps in this direction have already been taken and continue to be in recently proposed legislation. Robust laws in the areas of data protection, trade secrets protection, competition and consumer law currently subsidize claims for explanation that can be filed with different administrative bodies and be examined by European courts. Competition authorities have already proven that there can be real consequences in the reformulation of some of these practices in the private sector, as seen in previous cases of Google within the scope of the European Commission. Since there is a large asymmetry of information between automated decision-making platforms and its users, by disclosing a portion of an algorithm’s inner functioning (purposes, reasoning, inputs and deciding parameters taken into consideration etc.), in an appropriate fashion to the average user for whom the explanation is aimed, it is possible to better enforce consumer welfare and safeguard competition standards. The substance of this study recognizes the importance of a right to explanation as a stepping stone for algorithmic governance, especially with regard to Google’s search engine and its applications.Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar a pertinência jurídica e as formas de instrumentalização do direito à explicação de decisões automatizadas no âmbito do Direito da União Europeia. Sob os prismas da propriedade intelectual, privacidade e proteção de dados, da concorrência e do direito do consumidor, a investigação identifica dispositivos legais de direito primário e secundário europeu, bem como fontes complementares, que corroboram a existência do direito à explicação. Adicionalmente, a proporcionalidade no sopesamento de direitos fundamentais pode corroborar a implementação jurídica e técnica desse direito, para o qual esta tese propõe sugestões práticas e condizentes com a plataforma do Google Search, escolhida como objeto de estudo por meio do qual as análises seriam realizadas. Revisitando a ideia de Lawrence Lessig de que o código (computacional) moldaria o comportamento da sociedade, contemporizado pelas contribuições recentes de Shoshana Zuboff sobre o capitalismo de vigilância, proponho que direito (normas) também pode se traduzir em código (de programação). Muitos passos nessa direção já foram dados e continuam a ser nas legislações propostas recentemente. Leis robustas nas áreas de proteção de dados, concorrência e direito do consumidor subsidiam atualmente reclamações por explicação que podem ser apresentadas a diferentes órgãos administrativos e serem examinadas por tribunais europeus. Autoridades concorrenciais já provaram que podem haver consequências reais na reformulação de algumas dessas práticas no setor privado, como se viu nos casos anteriores da Google no âmbito da Comissão Europeia. Uma vez que existe uma grande assimetria de informações entre as plataformas de tomada de decisão automatizada e seus usuários, ao divulgar uma parte do funcionamento interno de um algoritmo (propósitos, raciocínios, entradas e parâmetros decisórios levados em consideração etc.), de forma adequada ao usuário médio para o qual a explicação se destina, é possível fazer cumprir melhor o objetivo de bem-estar do consumidor e salvaguardar padrões concorrenciais. A essência deste estudo reconhece a importância de um direito à explicação como base para maior governança algorítmica, especialmente no que diz respeito ao mecanismo de pesquisa do Google e seus aplicativos acessórios.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorengUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisPrograma de Pós-Graduação em DireitoUFMGBrasilDIREITO - FACULDADE DE DIREITOGoogle (firma)Direito comercialUnião EuropeiaAlgoritmos de computadorProteção de dadosDireito antitrusteGoogleExplicaçãoPrivacidadeDadosCompetiçãoPropriedadeSegredoAlgoritmoCan Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to ExplanationPode o Direito se Traduzir em Código? Para Além da Caixa Preta Algorítmica do Google e em Direção ao Direito à Explicaçãoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da UFMGinstname:Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)instacron:UFMGORIGINALTese consolidada v.2 - Lucas Costa dos Anjos.pdfTese consolidada v.2 - Lucas Costa dos Anjos.pdfÍntegra texto tese - Lucas Costa dos Anjosapplication/pdf6033053https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/38861/3/Tese%20consolidada%20v.2%20-%20Lucas%20Costa%20dos%20Anjos.pdf2196e35f177406ce46723428e8142e9dMD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82118https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/38861/4/license.txtcda590c95a0b51b4d15f60c9642ca272MD541843/388612021-12-15 19:30:42.876oai:repositorio.ufmg.br:1843/38861TElDRU7Dh0EgREUgRElTVFJJQlVJw4fDg08gTsODTy1FWENMVVNJVkEgRE8gUkVQT1NJVMOTUklPIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUwgREEgVUZNRwoKQ29tIGEgYXByZXNlbnRhw6fDo28gZGVzdGEgbGljZW7Dp2EsIHZvY8OqIChvIGF1dG9yIChlcykgb3UgbyB0aXR1bGFyIGRvcyBkaXJlaXRvcyBkZSBhdXRvcikgY29uY2VkZSBhbyBSZXBvc2l0w7NyaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCBkYSBVRk1HIChSSS1VRk1HKSBvIGRpcmVpdG8gbsOjbyBleGNsdXNpdm8gZSBpcnJldm9nw6F2ZWwgZGUgcmVwcm9kdXppciBlL291IGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIgYSBzdWEgcHVibGljYcOnw6NvIChpbmNsdWluZG8gbyByZXN1bW8pIHBvciB0b2RvIG8gbXVuZG8gbm8gZm9ybWF0byBpbXByZXNzbyBlIGVsZXRyw7RuaWNvIGUgZW0gcXVhbHF1ZXIgbWVpbywgaW5jbHVpbmRvIG9zIGZvcm1hdG9zIMOhdWRpbyBvdSB2w61kZW8uCgpWb2PDqiBkZWNsYXJhIHF1ZSBjb25oZWNlIGEgcG9sw610aWNhIGRlIGNvcHlyaWdodCBkYSBlZGl0b3JhIGRvIHNldSBkb2N1bWVudG8gZSBxdWUgY29uaGVjZSBlIGFjZWl0YSBhcyBEaXJldHJpemVzIGRvIFJJLVVGTUcuCgpWb2PDqiBjb25jb3JkYSBxdWUgbyBSZXBvc2l0w7NyaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCBkYSBVRk1HIHBvZGUsIHNlbSBhbHRlcmFyIG8gY29udGXDumRvLCB0cmFuc3BvciBhIHN1YSBwdWJsaWNhw6fDo28gcGFyYSBxdWFscXVlciBtZWlvIG91IGZvcm1hdG8gcGFyYSBmaW5zIGRlIHByZXNlcnZhw6fDo28uCgpWb2PDqiB0YW1iw6ltIGNvbmNvcmRhIHF1ZSBvIFJlcG9zaXTDs3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsIGRhIFVGTUcgcG9kZSBtYW50ZXIgbWFpcyBkZSB1bWEgY8OzcGlhIGRlIHN1YSBwdWJsaWNhw6fDo28gcGFyYSBmaW5zIGRlIHNlZ3VyYW7Dp2EsIGJhY2stdXAgZSBwcmVzZXJ2YcOnw6NvLgoKVm9jw6ogZGVjbGFyYSBxdWUgYSBzdWEgcHVibGljYcOnw6NvIMOpIG9yaWdpbmFsIGUgcXVlIHZvY8OqIHRlbSBvIHBvZGVyIGRlIGNvbmNlZGVyIG9zIGRpcmVpdG9zIGNvbnRpZG9zIG5lc3RhIGxpY2Vuw6dhLiBWb2PDqiB0YW1iw6ltIGRlY2xhcmEgcXVlIG8gZGVww7NzaXRvIGRlIHN1YSBwdWJsaWNhw6fDo28gbsOjbywgcXVlIHNlamEgZGUgc2V1IGNvbmhlY2ltZW50bywgaW5mcmluZ2UgZGlyZWl0b3MgYXV0b3JhaXMgZGUgbmluZ3XDqW0uCgpDYXNvIGEgc3VhIHB1YmxpY2HDp8OjbyBjb250ZW5oYSBtYXRlcmlhbCBxdWUgdm9jw6ogbsOjbyBwb3NzdWkgYSB0aXR1bGFyaWRhZGUgZG9zIGRpcmVpdG9zIGF1dG9yYWlzLCB2b2PDqiBkZWNsYXJhIHF1ZSBvYnRldmUgYSBwZXJtaXNzw6NvIGlycmVzdHJpdGEgZG8gZGV0ZW50b3IgZG9zIGRpcmVpdG9zIGF1dG9yYWlzIHBhcmEgY29uY2VkZXIgYW8gUmVwb3NpdMOzcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgZGEgVUZNRyBvcyBkaXJlaXRvcyBhcHJlc2VudGFkb3MgbmVzdGEgbGljZW7Dp2EsIGUgcXVlIGVzc2UgbWF0ZXJpYWwgZGUgcHJvcHJpZWRhZGUgZGUgdGVyY2Vpcm9zIGVzdMOhIGNsYXJhbWVudGUgaWRlbnRpZmljYWRvIGUgcmVjb25oZWNpZG8gbm8gdGV4dG8gb3Ugbm8gY29udGXDumRvIGRhIHB1YmxpY2HDp8OjbyBvcmEgZGVwb3NpdGFkYS4KCkNBU08gQSBQVUJMSUNBw4fDg08gT1JBIERFUE9TSVRBREEgVEVOSEEgU0lETyBSRVNVTFRBRE8gREUgVU0gUEFUUk9Dw41OSU8gT1UgQVBPSU8gREUgVU1BIEFHw4pOQ0lBIERFIEZPTUVOVE8gT1UgT1VUUk8gT1JHQU5JU01PLCBWT0PDiiBERUNMQVJBIFFVRSBSRVNQRUlUT1UgVE9ET1MgRSBRVUFJU1FVRVIgRElSRUlUT1MgREUgUkVWSVPDg08gQ09NTyBUQU1Cw4lNIEFTIERFTUFJUyBPQlJJR0HDh8OVRVMgRVhJR0lEQVMgUE9SIENPTlRSQVRPIE9VIEFDT1JETy4KCk8gUmVwb3NpdMOzcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgZGEgVUZNRyBzZSBjb21wcm9tZXRlIGEgaWRlbnRpZmljYXIgY2xhcmFtZW50ZSBvIHNldSBub21lKHMpIG91IG8ocykgbm9tZXMocykgZG8ocykgZGV0ZW50b3IoZXMpIGRvcyBkaXJlaXRvcyBhdXRvcmFpcyBkYSBwdWJsaWNhw6fDo28sIGUgbsOjbyBmYXLDoSBxdWFscXVlciBhbHRlcmHDp8OjbywgYWzDqW0gZGFxdWVsYXMgY29uY2VkaWRhcyBwb3IgZXN0YSBsaWNlbsOnYS4KRepositório de PublicaçõesPUBhttps://repositorio.ufmg.br/oaiopendoar:2021-12-15T22:30:42Repositório Institucional da UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)false |
dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation |
dc.title.alternative.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
Pode o Direito se Traduzir em Código? Para Além da Caixa Preta Algorítmica do Google e em Direção ao Direito à Explicação |
title |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation |
spellingShingle |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation Lucas Costa dos Anjos Explicação Privacidade Dados Competição Propriedade Segredo Algoritmo Google (firma) Direito comercial União Europeia Algoritmos de computador Proteção de dados Direito antitruste |
title_short |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation |
title_full |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation |
title_fullStr |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation |
title_sort |
Can Law Ever Be Code? Beyond Google’s Algorithmic Black Box and Towards a Right to Explanation |
author |
Lucas Costa dos Anjos |
author_facet |
Lucas Costa dos Anjos |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Fabrício Bertini Pasquot Polido |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/0945463330398836 |
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv |
Julien Cabay |
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv |
Emilio Peluso Neder Meyer |
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv |
Andrée Puttemans |
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv |
Ana de Oliveira Frazão |
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv |
Alain Strowel |
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/6223739836948293 |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Lucas Costa dos Anjos |
contributor_str_mv |
Fabrício Bertini Pasquot Polido Julien Cabay Emilio Peluso Neder Meyer Andrée Puttemans Ana de Oliveira Frazão Alain Strowel |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Google Explicação Privacidade Dados Competição Propriedade Segredo Algoritmo |
topic |
Google Explicação Privacidade Dados Competição Propriedade Segredo Algoritmo Google (firma) Direito comercial União Europeia Algoritmos de computador Proteção de dados Direito antitruste |
dc.subject.other.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
Google (firma) Direito comercial União Europeia Algoritmos de computador Proteção de dados Direito antitruste |
description |
This thesis aims to analyze the legal relevance and forms of instrumentalization of the right to explanation of automated decisions in the context of European Union Law. Under the prisms of trade secret protection, privacy and data protection, competition and consumer law, the investigation identifies legal provisions of primary and secondary European law, as well as complementary sources, which support the existence of a right to explanation. Additionally, the proportionality in the weighing of fundamental rights can corroborate the legal and technical implementation of this right, for which this thesis proposes practical suggestions that are consistent with the Google Search platform, chosen as the object of study through which the analyzes would be carried out. Revisiting Lawrence Lessig's idea that (computational) code would shape society's behavior, accommodated by Shoshana Zuboff's recent contributions on surveillance capitalism, I propose that law (norms) can also be translated into (programming) code. Many steps in this direction have already been taken and continue to be in recently proposed legislation. Robust laws in the areas of data protection, trade secrets protection, competition and consumer law currently subsidize claims for explanation that can be filed with different administrative bodies and be examined by European courts. Competition authorities have already proven that there can be real consequences in the reformulation of some of these practices in the private sector, as seen in previous cases of Google within the scope of the European Commission. Since there is a large asymmetry of information between automated decision-making platforms and its users, by disclosing a portion of an algorithm’s inner functioning (purposes, reasoning, inputs and deciding parameters taken into consideration etc.), in an appropriate fashion to the average user for whom the explanation is aimed, it is possible to better enforce consumer welfare and safeguard competition standards. The substance of this study recognizes the importance of a right to explanation as a stepping stone for algorithmic governance, especially with regard to Google’s search engine and its applications. |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2021-12-15T22:30:42Z |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2021-12-15T22:30:42Z |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2021-11-23 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
format |
doctoralThesis |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/1843/38861 |
dc.identifier.orcid.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-3952 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/1843/38861 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-3952 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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openAccess |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais |
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv |
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito |
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv |
UFMG |
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv |
Brasil |
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv |
DIREITO - FACULDADE DE DIREITO |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais |
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