Levantamento das inovações e dos desafios tecnológicos dos carros elétricos

• Autor(a) principal: Santos, Fábio Nunes dos
• Data de Publicação: 2023
• Tipo de documento: Trabalho de conclusão de curso
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Monografias da UFMT
• Texto Completo: http://bdm.ufmt.br/handle/1/4216
• topic: CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA MECANICA::PROJETOS DE MAQUINAS::MAQUINAS, MOTORES E EQUIPAMENTOS; Veículos automotores; Automóveis; Carros; Carros elétricos; Motor vehicles; Automobiles; Cars; Electric cars

In 2015, the world had approximately 380 million heavy vehicles and 1.1 billion light vehicles. It is predicted that the number of light vehicles will increase to between 1.7 and 2 billion by 2040, driven mainly by developing countries. Considering that 99.8% of global transport still relies on combustion engines and that 95% of the energy used in transportation comes from petroleum derivatives, humanity faces urgent challenges to reduce carbon emissions. During the 24th UN Climate Change Conference in Poland, it was found that the transportation sector is responsible for 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, being the main contributor to the increase in global emissions. The adoption of electric motors, which provide motoring and regenerative braking operations, has proven to be an important alternative for mitigating the environmental impacts of transportation. Regenerative braking allows the energy generated during braking to be recovered, contributing directly to energy savings and emission reductions. Currently, this technology is becoming increasingly relevant, being used even in Formula 1 vehicles. In this context, this work aims to analyze the evolution and technological challenges of electric vehicles, with an emphasis on regenerative braking, evaluating its positive and negative aspects. Even with the economic difficulties and supply constraints resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the electric vehicle market continues to expand, currently accounting for around 5% of global sales. This growth has been driven by government tax incentives and research investments by major automakers. Regenerative braking, enabled by inverters that drive electric motors, allows not only a reduction in component wear but also energy recovery, contributing to a more sustainable transportation system. The methodology adopted in this work consists of a bibliographic review focused on regenerative braking technologies applied to induction motors in electric vehicles. The research sources include scientific articles, academic publications, technical books, and specialized documents, mainly found on the Google Scholar platform. This review aims to identify alternatives for braking induction motors, detail regenerative braking technology, and discuss the main challenges for advancing the technology. The review's results provide a broad analysis of regenerative braking technologies and other characteristics of electric vehicles. Aspects such as energy storage methods, including supercapacitors, batteries, flywheels, and hydraulic accumulators, were discussed, as well as criteria for battery selection and challenges still limiting technology development. Regenerative braking was addressed in detail, including different control methods, advantages, and disadvantages. Although regenerative braking technology already offers significant contributions to energy savings and the reduction of pollutant emissions, there are still important challenges to be faced. These include the increased weight of the vehicle due to the need for additional components, such as more robust batteries, cables, and control systems, as well as the complexity of integrating these systems with the rest of the vehicle. However, despite these limitations, the technology positively impacts the vehicle's autonomy, as it allows for longer distances to be traveled without the need for refueling. As suggestions for future research, this work recommends investigating ways to improve the efficiency of regenerative braking when combined with friction brakes, as well as exploring new methods to manage this energy more intelligently. It is also suggested to analyze new types of batteries and motors, as well as consider socio-political factors that may influence the development of the technology, especially concerning the critical materials required for its manufacture. In summary, this review provided an in-depth analysis of the technologies involved in regenerative braking in electric vehicles, presenting concepts, challenges, and characteristics. The information gathered here aims to contribute to the advancement and improvement of the technology in future research and applications, providing a solid foundation for the development of more efficient and sustainable electric vehicles.