DESENVOLVIMENTO, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DA ESTABILIDADE E SEGURANÇA “IN VITRO” DE LIPOSSOMAS CONTENDO Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (GUARANÁ)

• Autor(a) principal: Roggia, Isabel
• Data de Publicação: 2018
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional Universidade Franciscana
• Texto Completo: http://www.tede.universidadefranciscana.edu.br:8080/handle/UFN-BDTD/657
• topic: citotoxicidade, CLAE, evaporação em fase reversa, genotoxicidade, injeção de etanol, lipossomas, guaraná, UVD.; Biociências e Nanomateriais

The Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis, popularly known as guarana, is one of the most promising compounds in Brazilian flora. The presence of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine) and tannins (caffeine and catechin) in its composition make it a potent therapeutic compound. Stimulant, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiparasitic activities, among others, are described in the literature as potentiality of this compound. On the other hand, when the product is exposed to high temperatures, in the presence of moisture, oxygen and in direct contact with light or, when stored in inadequate packaging, the integrity of the active ingredient may be impaired and consequently, the decrease and/or loss of activity and onset of toxicity can be observed. With the intent of obtaining a more stable, effective and safe product, the objective of this work was to prepare and characterize a liposomal system containing guarana powder and to evaluate its safety "in vitro" through a study of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. First, analytical methods for the quantification of markers present in guarana were developed and validated by ultraviolet derivative (UVD), for caffeine and catechin, and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), for quantification of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, catechin and epicatechin in samples of guarana powder and liposomes. The methods developed proved to be linear, specific, precise, accurate and robust for the simultaneous determination of the different markers in the guarana powder sample and in the liposomes. Through the forced degradation study it can be observed, in general, a reduction of polyphenols content (catechin and epicatechin), compared to basic (0.1 M NaOH) and photolytic (fluorescence UVC) conditions, both for the standards and for guarana and for liposomes. For the latter, a reduction in the content of active compounds was also observed against oxidative conditions (3% H2O2). It is believed that this change is related to the process of epimerization and photostability, already described for polyphenols when in contact with basic and photolytic solutions, respectively. After conducting a preformulation study it was observed that liposomes containing 1 mg.mL-1 guarana powder, prepared by the reverse phase evaporation method and the ethanol injection method presented adequate characteristics and remained more stable in relation to the formulations containing 10 and 5 mg.ml-1. After the physical-chemical characterization and stability study of these formulations, the reverse phase evaporation method was chosen as the best method for encapsulation of guarana. These systems remained stable under 10 refrigeration without significantly modifying their characteristics for 60 days. A toxicological evaluation of liposomes in different cell cultures (3T3, HaCaT, A549, HepG2 and THP1) and in different concentrations (3.91-500 μg.mL-1) showed that, in general, the liposomes do not present significant toxicity up to a concentration of 125 μg.mL-1 when analyzed by the neutral red technique (NRU). By the (3-(4,5- Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) technique (MTT), the viability reduction was observed from the concentration of 31.25 μg.mL-1 for the 3T3 and HepG2 cells and 62.5 μg.mL-1 for the A549 cell. Hemolysis, photohaemolysis, and hemoglobin oxidation tests showed that the liposomes, in the absence of guarana, caused damage to the eritrocytes and that guarana can reverse and/or protect the cells against this damage. It was also observed that this damage is possibly related to the presence of polysorbate 80 present in the formulations. When chlorpromazine was added to the experiments, it was observed that the guarana containing liposomes were able to protect the cells from the damage caused by that compound. Through the genotoxicity study it was possible to observe that guarana and liposomes did not cause DNA damage. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity by the DPPH technique proved the antioxidant effect, already described for guarana and, it was verified that this activity was maintained after the incorporation of guarana in the liposomes. This activity observed for all treatments was dose dependent of the concentration of guarana in the formulation. In this way, we can conclude that it was possible to develop a liposome system through the reverse phase evaporation method containing 1 mg.mL-1 of guarana powder, remaining stable for 60 days and showing safety against the different cell types tested. It is also worth noting the importance of new experiments, mainly the performance of the spray drying to improve the stability of the active ingredients and the characterization of these new systems formed, as well as additional tests regarding the safety profile.