Biorremediação: uma forma de despoluição de ecossistema lótico com a utilização de biofilme e macrófitas

• Autor(a) principal: Oliveira, Flávia Martins Franco de
• Data de Publicação: 2020
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFPB
• Texto Completo: https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/123456789/18793
• topic: Monitoramento aquático; Perifíton; Biofilme; Gestão participativa; Aquatic monitoring; Periphyton; Biofilm; Participatory management; CNPQ::CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::ECOLOGIA

Nowadays, ecosystems are being increasingly degraded and altered by human beings and this has brought negative and sometimes irreversible consequences, both for the environment and for man. Aquatic ecosystems, for example, are constantly being attacked through the most different types of pollution that are dumped or directed at them. In this way, sustainable and ecological alternatives have been seen as a viable alternative for the environment and to improve the quality of life of the populations. This project is the result of an international research carried out between Capes-UFPB and the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança in Portugal, by International Program of UFPB. It is proposed in the present study to evaluate socio-environmental conflicts, water quality and to test a biotreatment with biofilm and macrophytes (BioMac) in two rivers at different latitudes, one tropical and the other temperate. The study areas are Cabelo River, PB , Brazil and the Fervença River, Portugal; Physical, chemical and biological analyzes were performed. Chemical analyzes were analyzed according to APHA. Macrophyte containment structures were constructed and artificial substrates were inserted for the implantation of the biofilm. Through visual, physical, chemical and biological monitoring, it was found that both environments are not of good quality and that the data indicate a high amount of organic pollution in some parts of Cabelo River. The riverside population of Cabelo River interviewed was willing to participate with the project in the hope of watching the river to return to be a pleasant and clean environment. In some houses, the Banana Circle (previous gray water treatment) and the Evapotranspiration Tank (for black water treatment) were implanted in order to prevent these waters from going to the river without previous treatment or polluting the soil. Structures were installed to colonize the biofilm within both rivers, with the aim of reducing the amount of some high nutrients and thereby enabling an increase in the biodiversity and density of the organisms, a fact found informally, at the end of the research, through the visual analysis of the research team, and also some residents and fishermen. In Cabelo River, in most months, the highest values of pH and conductivity, total phosphorus, orthophosphate and ammonia occurred in P1, which receives sewage, while the highest concentrations of nitrite and nitrate occurred in P2 and P3, in most months. Significant differences were found in the comparison between each point before and after biotreatment for dissolved oxygen (P1, P4 and P6), temperature (P1, P2 and P3), conductivity (P1, P4, P5 and P6), total phosphorus ( P1, P3 and P6), orthophosphate (P3 and P4), ammonia (P1, P4, P5 and P6), nitrite (P1 and P3), nitrate (P1, P2 and P3); The visual analysis registered differences in macrophyte diversity, with 4 genera before biotreatment and 8 genera after biotreatment in P5. Much more transparent water was observed after biotreatment. In the Fervença River, despite a decrease in nutrient concentrations, these were not significant differences. The predominant macroinvertebrates were of the family Chironomidae and Glossiphonidae in May / 18 and Jul / 18 and Chironomidae and Erpobdellidae in Sep / 18 and Nov / 18, after the installation of the BioMac the macrobenthes decreased the density of the Pollution Indicator Families. The periphyton present in the biofilm was mainly represented by Bacillariophiceae genera. Thus, it can be concluded that the pilot system of biotreatment was effective in both rivers, but it is more efficient in more polluted places, and can be applied in the two latitudes tested. In Cabelo River the water became much more transparent and the mangrove was born at its mouth. Thus, the H1 research hypothesis that Cabelo River is polluted to its full extent, was accepted, because pollution is registered at the points upstream due to sewage and from the P4 caused by the extensive macrophyte banks, the H2 that the residents no longer use the river was accepted and the H3 that the bioremediation system is efficient was also accepted