Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção
Autor(a) principal: | |
---|---|
Data de Publicação: | 2021 |
Tipo de documento: | Dissertação |
Idioma: | por |
Título da fonte: | Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM |
Texto Completo: | http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/22650 |
Resumo: | An electric arc occurs when the air’s ionization is sufficient to allow the passage of electric current and arises from two or more conductors separated by a given spacing subjected to a short-circuit, either by improper contact or insulation failure, or even during the routine operation of electrical equipment, such as in the process of opening and closing maneuvering devices. A series of risks are associated to electric arc, the thermal risk being accepted as the most significant, as accidents documented as caused by this type of phenomenon are predominantly burns. Large amounts of energy are released during the occurrence of an electric arc, the thermal energy being called incident energy. Within the arc flash risk assessment process, the incident energy analysis is employed to predict the incident energy levels generated in a possible arc flash event and, as result of this analysis, it is possible to determine the appropriate protective equipment for the work in that site, whether there is the need to employ incident energy mitigation techniques, and whether the work can actually be carried out in an energized location or whether it will be necessary for the point to be de-energized. In this work, an incident energy analysis is proposed for distribution grids, in which incident energy levels must be estimated, mitigation techniques proposed when necessary, and worker protection measures determined. The employed grids in the case studies are the IEEE 13-Node and IEEE 34-Bus grids, as they have points within the voltage range of the selected incident energy estimation guide, the IEEE Std 1584. Both 2002 and 2018 models are used to obtain a comparison among the results. The ATPDraw software is used to simulate bolted three-phase faults at the points of interest and the clothing and other pertinent protective equipment are chosen from NFPA 70E-2021. The results of the case studies confirm the direct relation between the incident energy and the arc duration, in addition to highlighting the difference among the results obtained using the 2002 and 2018 models as more expressive for scenarios with horizontally oriented conductors and in low voltage systems, mainly due to the arc current variation factor. For medium voltage systems, the spacing range considered in the IEEE Std 1584-2002’s empirical model is different from the IEEE Std 1584-2018 model, forcing the use of the theoretical model, based on the Lee model, which implies in more conservative results. Finally, considering the voltage ranges of both models, there is a limitation regarding their application in distribution systems, as they do not include all voltages used in medium and high voltage grids. |
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2021-10-28T19:37:44Z2021-10-28T19:37:44Z2021-04-30http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/22650An electric arc occurs when the air’s ionization is sufficient to allow the passage of electric current and arises from two or more conductors separated by a given spacing subjected to a short-circuit, either by improper contact or insulation failure, or even during the routine operation of electrical equipment, such as in the process of opening and closing maneuvering devices. A series of risks are associated to electric arc, the thermal risk being accepted as the most significant, as accidents documented as caused by this type of phenomenon are predominantly burns. Large amounts of energy are released during the occurrence of an electric arc, the thermal energy being called incident energy. Within the arc flash risk assessment process, the incident energy analysis is employed to predict the incident energy levels generated in a possible arc flash event and, as result of this analysis, it is possible to determine the appropriate protective equipment for the work in that site, whether there is the need to employ incident energy mitigation techniques, and whether the work can actually be carried out in an energized location or whether it will be necessary for the point to be de-energized. In this work, an incident energy analysis is proposed for distribution grids, in which incident energy levels must be estimated, mitigation techniques proposed when necessary, and worker protection measures determined. The employed grids in the case studies are the IEEE 13-Node and IEEE 34-Bus grids, as they have points within the voltage range of the selected incident energy estimation guide, the IEEE Std 1584. Both 2002 and 2018 models are used to obtain a comparison among the results. The ATPDraw software is used to simulate bolted three-phase faults at the points of interest and the clothing and other pertinent protective equipment are chosen from NFPA 70E-2021. The results of the case studies confirm the direct relation between the incident energy and the arc duration, in addition to highlighting the difference among the results obtained using the 2002 and 2018 models as more expressive for scenarios with horizontally oriented conductors and in low voltage systems, mainly due to the arc current variation factor. For medium voltage systems, the spacing range considered in the IEEE Std 1584-2002’s empirical model is different from the IEEE Std 1584-2018 model, forcing the use of the theoretical model, based on the Lee model, which implies in more conservative results. Finally, considering the voltage ranges of both models, there is a limitation regarding their application in distribution systems, as they do not include all voltages used in medium and high voltage grids.A ocorrência de um arco elétrico se dá quando a ionização do ar é suficiente para possibilitar a passagem de corrente elétrica e decorre de dois ou mais condutores separados por um dado espaçamento submetidos a um curto-circuito, seja por contato indevido ou falha de isolamento, ou ainda durante a operação rotineira dos equipamentos elétricos, como no processo de abertura e fechamento dos dispositivos de manobra. Uma série de riscos estão associados ao arco elétrico, sendo o risco térmico aceito como o mais significante, visto que acidentes documentados como causados por esse tipo de fenômeno são predominantemente queimaduras. Grandes quantidades de energia são liberadas durante a ocorrência de um arco elétrico, sendo a energia térmica denominada energia incidente. Dentro do processo de avaliação do risco de arco elétrico, a análise de energia incidente é empregada para prever os níveis de energia incidente gerados em um possível evento de arco elétrico e, como resultado dessa análise, é possível determinar os equipamentos de proteção adequados para o trabalho naquele sítio, se há necessidade de empregar técnicas de mitigação de energia incidente e, ainda, se o trabalho poderá de fato ser realizado em local energizado ou se será necessário que o ponto seja desenergizado. Neste trabalho, uma análise de energia incidente é proposta para redes de distribuição, na qual se deve estimar os níveis de energia incidente, propor técnicas de mitigação quando necessário e determinar medidas de proteção ao trabalhador. As redes empregadas nos estudos de caso são as redes IEEE 13-Node e IEEE 34-Bus, pois contam com sítios dentro do intervalo de tensão do guia de estimativa de energia incidente selecionado, o IEEE Std 1584. Ambos os modelos de 2002 e de 2018 são empregados, a fim de se obter uma comparação entre os resultados. O software ATPDraw é utilizado para simular faltas trifásicas francas nos pontos de interesse e as vestimentas e demais equipamentos de proteção pertinentes são escolhidos a partir da NFPA 70E-2021. Os resultados dos estudos de caso confirmam a relação direta entre a energia incidente e a duração do arco elétrico, além de salientar a diferença entre os resultados obtidos empregando o modelo de 2002 e o de 2018 como mais expressiva para cenários com condutores orientados horizontalmente e em sistemas de baixa tensão, em função principalmente do fator de variação da corrente de arco. Para sistemas de média tensão, o intervalo de espaçamentos considerados no modelo empírico do IEEE Std 1584-2002 é distinto do modelo do IEEE Std 1584-2018, forçando o uso do modelo teórico, baseado no modelo de Lee, o que implica em resultados mais conservadores. Por fim, considerando-se o intervalo de tensão de ambos os modelos, há uma limitação quanto à aplicação deles em sistemas de distribuição, visto que não contemplam todas as tensões empregadas nas redes de média e alta tensão.porUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaCentro de TecnologiaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia ElétricaUFSMBrasilEngenharia ElétricaAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessArco elétricoATPDrawEnergia incidenteEPIIEEE Std 1584-2002IEEE Std 1584-2018NFPA 70E-2021Queimaduras elétricasRedes de distribuiçãoTécnicas de mitigaçãoVestimentas de proteção térmicaDistribution gridsElectric arcElectrical burnsIncident energyMitigation techniquesPPEThermal protection clothingCNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICAAnálise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteçãoIncident energy analysis in distribution networks: estimation, mitigation strategies and protection measuresinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisBernardon, Daniel Pinheirohttp://lattes.cnpq.br/6004612278397270Marchesan, Tiago BandeiraRamos, Maicon Jaderson Silveirahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/8323035276948569Camponogara, Marina300400000007600600600425ebf67-3fcd-4c31-8378-e6edab478375c8a3ad94-f1ea-4612-8b2e-ba3e7151c19a74536033-85a5-428c-bc54-3c0d231352b0777938fc-329b-468d-9641-f4e4c65cbb02reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSMinstname:Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)instacron:UFSMORIGINALDIS_PPGEE_2021_CAMPONOGARA_MARINA.pdfDIS_PPGEE_2021_CAMPONOGARA_MARINA.pdfDissertação de Mestradoapplication/pdf1681376http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/22650/1/DIS_PPGEE_2021_CAMPONOGARA_MARINA.pdf77acef3b449a052246aa5c2c5197ed53MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; 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dc.title.por.fl_str_mv |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção |
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Incident energy analysis in distribution networks: estimation, mitigation strategies and protection measures |
title |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção |
spellingShingle |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção Camponogara, Marina Arco elétrico ATPDraw Energia incidente EPI IEEE Std 1584-2002 IEEE Std 1584-2018 NFPA 70E-2021 Queimaduras elétricas Redes de distribuição Técnicas de mitigação Vestimentas de proteção térmica Distribution grids Electric arc Electrical burns Incident energy Mitigation techniques PPE Thermal protection clothing CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICA |
title_short |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção |
title_full |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção |
title_fullStr |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção |
title_full_unstemmed |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção |
title_sort |
Análise de energia incidente em redes de distribuição: estimação, estratégias de mitigação e medidas de proteção |
author |
Camponogara, Marina |
author_facet |
Camponogara, Marina |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Bernardon, Daniel Pinheiro |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/6004612278397270 |
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv |
Marchesan, Tiago Bandeira |
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv |
Ramos, Maicon Jaderson Silveira |
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/8323035276948569 |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Camponogara, Marina |
contributor_str_mv |
Bernardon, Daniel Pinheiro Marchesan, Tiago Bandeira Ramos, Maicon Jaderson Silveira |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Arco elétrico ATPDraw Energia incidente EPI IEEE Std 1584-2002 IEEE Std 1584-2018 NFPA 70E-2021 Queimaduras elétricas Redes de distribuição Técnicas de mitigação Vestimentas de proteção térmica |
topic |
Arco elétrico ATPDraw Energia incidente EPI IEEE Std 1584-2002 IEEE Std 1584-2018 NFPA 70E-2021 Queimaduras elétricas Redes de distribuição Técnicas de mitigação Vestimentas de proteção térmica Distribution grids Electric arc Electrical burns Incident energy Mitigation techniques PPE Thermal protection clothing CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICA |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Distribution grids Electric arc Electrical burns Incident energy Mitigation techniques PPE Thermal protection clothing |
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICA |
description |
An electric arc occurs when the air’s ionization is sufficient to allow the passage of electric current and arises from two or more conductors separated by a given spacing subjected to a short-circuit, either by improper contact or insulation failure, or even during the routine operation of electrical equipment, such as in the process of opening and closing maneuvering devices. A series of risks are associated to electric arc, the thermal risk being accepted as the most significant, as accidents documented as caused by this type of phenomenon are predominantly burns. Large amounts of energy are released during the occurrence of an electric arc, the thermal energy being called incident energy. Within the arc flash risk assessment process, the incident energy analysis is employed to predict the incident energy levels generated in a possible arc flash event and, as result of this analysis, it is possible to determine the appropriate protective equipment for the work in that site, whether there is the need to employ incident energy mitigation techniques, and whether the work can actually be carried out in an energized location or whether it will be necessary for the point to be de-energized. In this work, an incident energy analysis is proposed for distribution grids, in which incident energy levels must be estimated, mitigation techniques proposed when necessary, and worker protection measures determined. The employed grids in the case studies are the IEEE 13-Node and IEEE 34-Bus grids, as they have points within the voltage range of the selected incident energy estimation guide, the IEEE Std 1584. Both 2002 and 2018 models are used to obtain a comparison among the results. The ATPDraw software is used to simulate bolted three-phase faults at the points of interest and the clothing and other pertinent protective equipment are chosen from NFPA 70E-2021. The results of the case studies confirm the direct relation between the incident energy and the arc duration, in addition to highlighting the difference among the results obtained using the 2002 and 2018 models as more expressive for scenarios with horizontally oriented conductors and in low voltage systems, mainly due to the arc current variation factor. For medium voltage systems, the spacing range considered in the IEEE Std 1584-2002’s empirical model is different from the IEEE Std 1584-2018 model, forcing the use of the theoretical model, based on the Lee model, which implies in more conservative results. Finally, considering the voltage ranges of both models, there is a limitation regarding their application in distribution systems, as they do not include all voltages used in medium and high voltage grids. |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2021-10-28T19:37:44Z |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2021-10-28T19:37:44Z |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2021-04-30 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
format |
masterThesis |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/22650 |
url |
http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/22650 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
por |
language |
por |
dc.relation.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
300400000007 |
dc.relation.confidence.fl_str_mv |
600 600 600 |
dc.relation.authority.fl_str_mv |
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dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Centro de Tecnologia |
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv |
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica |
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv |
UFSM |
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv |
Brasil |
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv |
Engenharia Elétrica |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Centro de Tecnologia |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
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