Caracterização e manejo do patossistema erva-mate/podridão-de-raízes

• Autor(a) principal: Poletto, Igor
• Data de Publicação: 2010
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Manancial - Repositório Digital da UFSM
• Texto Completo: http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3733
• topic: Fusarium spp.; Trichoderma spp.; Manejo integrado de doenças; Integrated disease management; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL

Erva mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a species widely cultivated in southern Brazil and adjacent countries, whose leaves and fine branches, appropriately prepared, offer the mate-tea, the most popular tea consumed in Brazil and exported to all over the world. root-rot is the main disease of this species in Brazil and may attack plantules and seedlings in nurseries as well as adult trees in orchards. The disease is caused by Fusarium spp., besides Pythium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. causing serious damages due to the root system destruction, it causes, in the most serious cases the death of the plant. The incidence and the severity of the disease might be influenced by the cultivation methods and management of the orchard, with the use of mineral fertilizers without any technical criteria or the absence of fertilization, soil liming and orchards cultivation under the sun. In order to verify such hypothesis, 25 rural estates were marked in different counties of Vale do Taquari area in the state of Rio Grande do Sul BR. These areas had some orchards with symptoms of the disease and others in healthy conditions. Information about the crop and management characteristics, as well as soil for chemical and biological analysis, were collected and correlated through Pearson and outspread in direct and indirect effects through Path Analysis. In the nurseries, the disease incidence might be correlated to the contamination of the seed and the transmitted pathogens besides causing the death of the seedling may also have been transmitted to health seedlings, and they might had been transported to the field, contaminated areas which were previously free from the pathogen. Some practices applied by the farmers may cause the increase in the incidence of pathogens in the seeds and seedlings. In order to verify such hypothesis, some nurseries have been selected in the area of Vale do Taquari RS, where some samples of seeds, plantules, seedlings and substrata were collected in order to analyze the inoculation potential of the pathogens in each sort of sample. From the analysis of the substrata, seeds, seedlings different fungi colonies of the genre Fusarium were isolated, purified and stored for pathogenicity tests and, Trichoderma, for isolated selection with potential Fusarium antagonist. Moreover, experiments were installed in 2 nurseries, aiming at testing the benefits of commercial chemical (Captan SC®) and biological (Agrotrich® e Trichodel®) products, in the seed treatment, aiming at controlling the incidence of the disease on the seedbed. In the orchards, among the studied variables, it was noticed that the organic matter is the most influential over the Fusarium population in the soil and a linear positive correlation was obtained. Besides this variable, the calcium and phosphorus contends also have some sort of influence over the Fusarium population, however, in a less significant way. In the nurseries, the high percentage of seeds contaminated by Fusarium and Rhizoctonia was noticed. It was also noticed that the contamination begins in the flower and fruit phase. It was also observed that the technique of seed processing and stratification applied by the farmers, contribute to the increase in the incidence of pathogens. Besides the seeds, it was also noticed that the plantules and seedlings at the end of the nursery cycle, present pathogen contamination in their roots, although they did not present root-rot symptoms. The products Captan SC®, Agrotrich® and Trichodel® applied on the seed treatment, before the sowing, were not efficient in the Fusarium and Rhizoctonia control. In the Trichoderma spp. selection as potential antagonist to Fusarium, it was observed that SP-SFE-T1 isolated present high antagonic potential in in vitro tests.