Novas abordagens antigênicas em testes sorológicos padronizados para a diferenciação entre os estágios parasitários associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii

• Autor(a) principal: Santana, Silas Silva
• Data de Publicação: 2016
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UFU
• Texto Completo: https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/16616; https://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.te.2016.44
• topic: Toxoplasma gondii; Toxoplasmose; Diferenciação de vias de infecção; Diferenciação de fases de infecção; Sorodiagnóstico; Proteínas recombinantes; Peptídeos sintéticos; Peptídeos; Toxoplasmosis; Differentiation of sources of infection; Differentiation of phases of infection; Serodiagnosis; Recombinant proteins; Synthetic peptides; CNPQ::CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::IMUNOLOGIA::IMUNOLOGIA APLICADA

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that infects virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans. In human beings, the infection is usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, but can cause severe clinical manifestations in immunocompromised individuals and in cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis of this infection is usually performed by serological methods that detect IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in biological samples. The conventional serological assays currently available detect only the exposure to parasite, and there is no serological techniques to accurately estimate the source of infection (oocyst or cyst), which hinders the implementation of prevention and control procedures of this infection. In addition, the serological differentiation between recent and chronic phases of the infection is difficult to achieve in the laboratory routine, making difficult the correct diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, mainly in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. In the present study, two recombinant proteins (CCp5A and OWP1) from oocyst/sporozoite of T. gondii were evaluated in serological tests to differentiate infections occurring by ingestion of oocysts or tissue cysts. The reactivity of these two recombinant proteins was assessed, in parallel with soluble Toxoplasma antigen (STAg), against panels of serum samples from animals (chickens, pigs and mice) naturally or experimentally infected by different infective stages of the parasite. Also, we tested sera from humans who have been infected by oocyst during a well-characterized toxoplasmosis outbreak, as well as sera from pregnant women tested IgM+/IgG+ for T. gondii, which source of infection was unknown. Only the sporozoite-specific CCp5A protein was able to differentiate the parasite stage that infected chickens, pigs and mice, with specific reactivity for sera from oocyst-infected animals. Furthermore, this protein showed a preferential reactivity for recent infection by oocyst/sporozoite in pigs and mice. In humans, CCp5A showed higher reactivity with serum samples from the outbreak, compared with serum from pregnant women. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the usefulness of the CCp5A protein as a new tool to identify the parasite stage of T. gondii responsible for the infection (oocyst or tissue cyst). Also, in order to evaluate an alternative antigenic preparation to differentiate the phases of T. gondii infection, whether acute or chronic, a synthetic peptide from the microneme 8 protein (pMIC8) was tested, in parallel with STAg in immunoassays, using serum samples from individuals in different infection phases. Initially, this peptide was used to evaluate the kinetics of IgG antibodies in mice experimentally infected with T. gondii. After, immunoassays using pMIC8 and STAg were conducted to detect IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies in 124 human serum samples divided into five groups, according to the phase of T. gondii infection: Group I (up to 4 months of infection); Group II (5 to 8 months of infection); Group III (9 to 12 months of infection); Group IV (over 12 months of infection); and Group V (seronegative individuals). In the murine model, pMIC8 showed to be a potential marker of recent infection with strong detection of IgG antibodies in the early phase of infection. In humans, IgM and IgA to pMIC8 showed better characterization of the time of T. gondii infection in serum samples from recent phase (up to 12 months of infection), when compared to those tested against STAg. The percentage of IgG detection to pMIC8 was higher in sera from Group I (early acute phase) and lower in sera from Group IV (chronic phase). This pattern was the opposite of those observed to STAg, that showed lower detection percentage in Group I). To underline the differences in IgG detection using pMIC8 and STAg, it was determined a ratio between the ELISA index obtained from both antigenic preparations (STAg/pMIC8), which showed an accurate parameter to differencialte the phases of infection. Overall, these findings suggest that pMIC8 could be a valuable tool to differentiate recent from chronic T. gondii infection.