Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Santos, Gilnei Costa
Data de Publicação: 2009
Tipo de documento: Dissertação
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3243
Resumo: There are several factors that affect the income of an individual, such as distribution of income in the country, the stock of human capital or questions not related to productivity, such as sex, race or region where the person resides. However, one should consider that much of the income of individuals is derived from the work. Accordingly, the factors cited above, at least indirectly, are affected by the labor market. The objective of this research is to examine the dynamics of the Brazilian labor market in recent years both from the perspective of the individual's entry in the market and from the point of view of income, using variables related to gender, race, geographic region and vulnerability, such as number of children in the family or single mother condition. The database is the PNAD microdata for the years 2002 and 2007, which respects the feature of complex sample and does not to bias the results. The methodology is the Heckman procedure, to avoid the selectivity bias. The results showed traces of segmentation in the Brazilian labor market as a whole and in the rural labor market, by gender and race or color. In terms of color or race, although there was not detected an impediment to entrance into the rural labor market, it appears that blacks had earnings lower than the whites. Moreover, for the labor market as a whole, the black and brown are more likely to be economically active than white, but with significantly lower returns than the whites, suggesting that the brown and black people tend to get lower reservation wages. When the market is analyzed by gender, the results had showed that although women have a higher average skill level than men, it is observed that the male earnings tend to be higher than the female for individuals located in rural areas, the same happens for Brazilian labor market as a whole. Moreover, inequality of income is higher among women, as well as the levels of poverty, when one considers the labor market as a whole. One explanation for this is related to the activities undertaken by men and women. Historically low-income occupations such as domestic work are associated with female sex, which is confirmed in this study, where the great majority of individuals employed in domestic work are women. Looking up the differences between single mothers and other women, the first are more likely to be in the rural market, suggesting that the reservation wage of single mothers is considerably smaller. These results point to a worsening in the situation of women in the rural work. That is, beyond the indications of discrimination by gender, there is a spread of what can be called the gap of income among single mothers and other women in rural areas. Finally, as the education variable, each additional year invested in qualification increases the probability of the individual being employed in the labor market as a whole. In the rural labor market, each additional year of education increases the probability for women, while for men it was not statistically significant. Relating education and earnings, the results suggest that investments in formal qualification are one of the main sources of generation of income, mainly for the men. Likewise, the proxy of experience presented a parabolic trajectory, suggesting that the human capital depreciates over time.
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spelling Santos, Gilnei Costahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/7386674351793056Lima, João Eustáquio dehttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783228J6Toyoshima, Sílvia Harumihttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4788531T6Fontes, Rosa Maria Oliverahttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783412T6Rocha, Luiz Eduardo de Vasconceloshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4728885P0Caetano, Sidney Martinshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4706384A9Santos, Maurinho Luiz doshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783108H72015-03-26T13:17:58Z2011-06-012015-03-26T13:17:58Z2009-07-13SANTOS, Gilnei Costa. Participation and earnings in the brazilian labor market. 2009. 131 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Desenvolvimento econômico e Políticas públicas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2009.http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3243There are several factors that affect the income of an individual, such as distribution of income in the country, the stock of human capital or questions not related to productivity, such as sex, race or region where the person resides. However, one should consider that much of the income of individuals is derived from the work. Accordingly, the factors cited above, at least indirectly, are affected by the labor market. The objective of this research is to examine the dynamics of the Brazilian labor market in recent years both from the perspective of the individual's entry in the market and from the point of view of income, using variables related to gender, race, geographic region and vulnerability, such as number of children in the family or single mother condition. The database is the PNAD microdata for the years 2002 and 2007, which respects the feature of complex sample and does not to bias the results. The methodology is the Heckman procedure, to avoid the selectivity bias. The results showed traces of segmentation in the Brazilian labor market as a whole and in the rural labor market, by gender and race or color. In terms of color or race, although there was not detected an impediment to entrance into the rural labor market, it appears that blacks had earnings lower than the whites. Moreover, for the labor market as a whole, the black and brown are more likely to be economically active than white, but with significantly lower returns than the whites, suggesting that the brown and black people tend to get lower reservation wages. When the market is analyzed by gender, the results had showed that although women have a higher average skill level than men, it is observed that the male earnings tend to be higher than the female for individuals located in rural areas, the same happens for Brazilian labor market as a whole. Moreover, inequality of income is higher among women, as well as the levels of poverty, when one considers the labor market as a whole. One explanation for this is related to the activities undertaken by men and women. Historically low-income occupations such as domestic work are associated with female sex, which is confirmed in this study, where the great majority of individuals employed in domestic work are women. Looking up the differences between single mothers and other women, the first are more likely to be in the rural market, suggesting that the reservation wage of single mothers is considerably smaller. These results point to a worsening in the situation of women in the rural work. That is, beyond the indications of discrimination by gender, there is a spread of what can be called the gap of income among single mothers and other women in rural areas. Finally, as the education variable, each additional year invested in qualification increases the probability of the individual being employed in the labor market as a whole. In the rural labor market, each additional year of education increases the probability for women, while for men it was not statistically significant. Relating education and earnings, the results suggest that investments in formal qualification are one of the main sources of generation of income, mainly for the men. Likewise, the proxy of experience presented a parabolic trajectory, suggesting that the human capital depreciates over time.Vários são os fatores que afetam os rendimentos de um indivíduo, como a distribuição de renda no país, o estoque de capital humano ou questões não relacionadas à produtividade, como o sexo, raça ou a região em que a pessoa reside. No entanto, deve-se considerar que boa parte da renda dos indivíduos é proveniente do trabalho. Neste sentido, os fatores citados, ao menos indiretamente, são afetados pelo mercado de trabalho. O objetivo da presente pesquisa consiste em analisar o comportamento do mercado de trabalho brasileiro, nos anos recentes, sobre a perspectiva tanto da entrada do indivíduo no mercado como sob a ótica dos rendimentos obtidos, utilizando variáveis relacionadas ao gênero, raça, região geográfica e vulnerabilidade, como por exemplo número de crianças na família ou mãe solteira. A base de dados são os microdados da PNAD nos anos de 2002 e 2007, cuja característica de amostra complexa foi considerada, para não viesar os estimadores. A metodologia adotada é o procedimento de Heckman, visando evitar o viés de seletividade. Os resultados indicaram traços de segmentação no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e no mercado de trabalho rural, por gênero e raça ou cor. Em termos de cor ou raça, apesar de não se verificar empecilhos à entrada no mercado rural, observa-se que os negros têm, em média, rendimentos mais baixos que os brancos. Por outro lado, para o mercado de trabalho como um todo, negros e pardos apresentaram maior probabilidade de estarem economicamente ativos do que brancos, contudo com retornos consideravelmente menores do que o dos brancos, sugerindo que os pardos e negros possuem salários reserva mais baixos. Quando o mercado é analisado pelo gênero, os resultados mostram que, apesar das mulheres possuírem um nível de qualificação médio maior que o dos homens, observa-se que o rendimento destes tende significativamente mais elevado do que o do sexo feminino para os indivíduos situados no meio rural. O mesmo ocorre quando considera-se o mercado de trabalho sem o corte do rural. Ademais, a desigualdade de renda é mais elevada entre as mulheres, assim como os níveis de pobreza, quando se considera o mercado de trabalho como um todo. Uma explicação para isso está relacionada às atividades desenvolvidas por homens e mulheres. Historicamente ocupações de baixo rendimento, como o trabalho doméstico, estão associadas ao sexo feminino, o que é verificado na presente pesquisa, onde a grande maioria dos indivíduos ocupados em trabalhos domésticos são mulheres. Analisando-se os diferenciais entre mães solteiras e as demais mulheres, verifica-se que as primeiras têm maior probabilidade de estarem no mercado rural, mas com rendimentos menores do que as demais mulheres, sugerindo que o salário reserva das mães solteiras é consideravelmente menor. Estes resultados apontam para um agravamento na situação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho rural. Ou seja, além das indicações de discriminação por gênero, existe ainda uma propagação do que se pode chamar de hiato de renda entre mães solteiras e as demais mulheres no meio rural. Finalmente, quanto à variável educação, cada ano adicional investido em qualificação eleva a probabilidade de o indivíduo estar empregado no mercado de trabalho como um todo. No mercado de trabalho rural, cada ano adicional aumenta a probabilidade das mulheres estarem empregadas, enquanto que para os homens a qualificação formal não mostra significância estatística. Relacionando educação e rendimentos, os resultados sugerem que investimentos em qualificação formal é uma das principais fontes de geração de renda, principalmente para os homens. Outrossim, a proxy de experiência apresentou uma trajetória parabólica, sugerindo que o capital humano deprecia-se ao longo do tempo.application/pdfporUniversidade Federal de ViçosaMestrado em EconomiaUFVBRDesenvolvimento econômico e Políticas públicasMercado de trabalhoPNADHeckmanLabor marketPNADHeckmanCNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA::CRESCIMENTO, FLUTUACOES E PLANEJAMENTO ECONOMICO::CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONOMICOInserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiroParticipation and earnings in the brazilian labor marketinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFVinstname:Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)instacron:UFVORIGINALtexto completo.pdfapplication/pdf978007https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/3243/1/texto%20completo.pdfaf1073efdd2c3e057a3a188a6dbeaf91MD51TEXTtexto completo.pdf.txttexto completo.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain246028https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/3243/2/texto%20completo.pdf.txt79591dc32e0472dcfd3a9a7cc503dc1eMD52THUMBNAILtexto completo.pdf.jpgtexto completo.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg3534https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/3243/3/texto%20completo.pdf.jpgf508edd3faa5f9898675fe1189eee8e1MD53123456789/32432016-04-09 23:02:27.326oai:locus.ufv.br:123456789/3243Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.locus.ufv.br/oai/requestfabiojreis@ufv.bropendoar:21452016-04-10T02:02:27LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Participation and earnings in the brazilian labor market
title Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
spellingShingle Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
Santos, Gilnei Costa
Mercado de trabalho
PNAD
Heckman
Labor market
PNAD
Heckman
CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA::CRESCIMENTO, FLUTUACOES E PLANEJAMENTO ECONOMICO::CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONOMICO
title_short Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
title_full Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
title_fullStr Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
title_full_unstemmed Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
title_sort Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
author Santos, Gilnei Costa
author_facet Santos, Gilnei Costa
author_role author
dc.contributor.authorLattes.por.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/7386674351793056
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Santos, Gilnei Costa
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Lima, João Eustáquio de
dc.contributor.advisor-co1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783228J6
dc.contributor.advisor-co2.fl_str_mv Toyoshima, Sílvia Harumi
dc.contributor.advisor-co2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4788531T6
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Fontes, Rosa Maria Olivera
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783412T6
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Rocha, Luiz Eduardo de Vasconcelos
dc.contributor.referee1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4728885P0
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Caetano, Sidney Martins
dc.contributor.referee2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4706384A9
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv Santos, Maurinho Luiz dos
dc.contributor.referee3Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783108H7
contributor_str_mv Lima, João Eustáquio de
Toyoshima, Sílvia Harumi
Fontes, Rosa Maria Olivera
Rocha, Luiz Eduardo de Vasconcelos
Caetano, Sidney Martins
Santos, Maurinho Luiz dos
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Mercado de trabalho
PNAD
Heckman
topic Mercado de trabalho
PNAD
Heckman
Labor market
PNAD
Heckman
CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA::CRESCIMENTO, FLUTUACOES E PLANEJAMENTO ECONOMICO::CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONOMICO
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Labor market
PNAD
Heckman
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA::CRESCIMENTO, FLUTUACOES E PLANEJAMENTO ECONOMICO::CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONOMICO
description There are several factors that affect the income of an individual, such as distribution of income in the country, the stock of human capital or questions not related to productivity, such as sex, race or region where the person resides. However, one should consider that much of the income of individuals is derived from the work. Accordingly, the factors cited above, at least indirectly, are affected by the labor market. The objective of this research is to examine the dynamics of the Brazilian labor market in recent years both from the perspective of the individual's entry in the market and from the point of view of income, using variables related to gender, race, geographic region and vulnerability, such as number of children in the family or single mother condition. The database is the PNAD microdata for the years 2002 and 2007, which respects the feature of complex sample and does not to bias the results. The methodology is the Heckman procedure, to avoid the selectivity bias. The results showed traces of segmentation in the Brazilian labor market as a whole and in the rural labor market, by gender and race or color. In terms of color or race, although there was not detected an impediment to entrance into the rural labor market, it appears that blacks had earnings lower than the whites. Moreover, for the labor market as a whole, the black and brown are more likely to be economically active than white, but with significantly lower returns than the whites, suggesting that the brown and black people tend to get lower reservation wages. When the market is analyzed by gender, the results had showed that although women have a higher average skill level than men, it is observed that the male earnings tend to be higher than the female for individuals located in rural areas, the same happens for Brazilian labor market as a whole. Moreover, inequality of income is higher among women, as well as the levels of poverty, when one considers the labor market as a whole. One explanation for this is related to the activities undertaken by men and women. Historically low-income occupations such as domestic work are associated with female sex, which is confirmed in this study, where the great majority of individuals employed in domestic work are women. Looking up the differences between single mothers and other women, the first are more likely to be in the rural market, suggesting that the reservation wage of single mothers is considerably smaller. These results point to a worsening in the situation of women in the rural work. That is, beyond the indications of discrimination by gender, there is a spread of what can be called the gap of income among single mothers and other women in rural areas. Finally, as the education variable, each additional year invested in qualification increases the probability of the individual being employed in the labor market as a whole. In the rural labor market, each additional year of education increases the probability for women, while for men it was not statistically significant. Relating education and earnings, the results suggest that investments in formal qualification are one of the main sources of generation of income, mainly for the men. Likewise, the proxy of experience presented a parabolic trajectory, suggesting that the human capital depreciates over time.
publishDate 2009
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2009-07-13
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2011-06-01
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dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv SANTOS, Gilnei Costa. Participation and earnings in the brazilian labor market. 2009. 131 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Desenvolvimento econômico e Políticas públicas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2009.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3243
identifier_str_mv SANTOS, Gilnei Costa. Participation and earnings in the brazilian labor market. 2009. 131 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Desenvolvimento econômico e Políticas públicas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2009.
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