Inserção e rendimentos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro

• Autor(a) principal: Santos, Gilnei Costa
• Data de Publicação: 2009
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3243
• topic: Mercado de trabalho; PNAD; Heckman; Labor market; PNAD; Heckman; CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA::CRESCIMENTO, FLUTUACOES E PLANEJAMENTO ECONOMICO::CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONOMICO

There are several factors that affect the income of an individual, such as distribution of income in the country, the stock of human capital or questions not related to productivity, such as sex, race or region where the person resides. However, one should consider that much of the income of individuals is derived from the work. Accordingly, the factors cited above, at least indirectly, are affected by the labor market. The objective of this research is to examine the dynamics of the Brazilian labor market in recent years both from the perspective of the individual's entry in the market and from the point of view of income, using variables related to gender, race, geographic region and vulnerability, such as number of children in the family or single mother condition. The database is the PNAD microdata for the years 2002 and 2007, which respects the feature of complex sample and does not to bias the results. The methodology is the Heckman procedure, to avoid the selectivity bias. The results showed traces of segmentation in the Brazilian labor market as a whole and in the rural labor market, by gender and race or color. In terms of color or race, although there was not detected an impediment to entrance into the rural labor market, it appears that blacks had earnings lower than the whites. Moreover, for the labor market as a whole, the black and brown are more likely to be economically active than white, but with significantly lower returns than the whites, suggesting that the brown and black people tend to get lower reservation wages. When the market is analyzed by gender, the results had showed that although women have a higher average skill level than men, it is observed that the male earnings tend to be higher than the female for individuals located in rural areas, the same happens for Brazilian labor market as a whole. Moreover, inequality of income is higher among women, as well as the levels of poverty, when one considers the labor market as a whole. One explanation for this is related to the activities undertaken by men and women. Historically low-income occupations such as domestic work are associated with female sex, which is confirmed in this study, where the great majority of individuals employed in domestic work are women. Looking up the differences between single mothers and other women, the first are more likely to be in the rural market, suggesting that the reservation wage of single mothers is considerably smaller. These results point to a worsening in the situation of women in the rural work. That is, beyond the indications of discrimination by gender, there is a spread of what can be called the gap of income among single mothers and other women in rural areas. Finally, as the education variable, each additional year invested in qualification increases the probability of the individual being employed in the labor market as a whole. In the rural labor market, each additional year of education increases the probability for women, while for men it was not statistically significant. Relating education and earnings, the results suggest that investments in formal qualification are one of the main sources of generation of income, mainly for the men. Likewise, the proxy of experience presented a parabolic trajectory, suggesting that the human capital depreciates over time.