Volatilização de amônia e recuperação de nitrogênio pelo milho da ureia perolada, granulada e pastilhada

• Autor(a) principal: Souza Filho, Luiz Francisco da Silva
• Data de Publicação: 2010
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5435
• topic: Substâncias húmicas; Volatização de amônia; Nitrogênio; Humic substances; Ammonia volatilization; Nitrogen; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA::CIENCIA DO SOLO

In spite of its large quantity found in soil, N is one of the major factors that limit crop production, because the nitrate and anmonium that are preferably absorbable by plants account for less than 2 % of the total N in the soil. For this limitation, it is necessary to use nitrogen fertilization to meet crop requirements emphasizing the urea usage. Despite this, urea demonstrates low agronomic efficiency due to the NH3 loss by volatilization, as the nitrogen fertilization is usually performed on coverage with application on the soil surface. Several alternatives are listed in order to reduce losses. Among them are: the mode of application of urea, the period of fertilization and the production of urea with larger granules. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the NH3 loss by volatilization, the absorbed N, and the production by corn plants fertilized with different forms of urea. This work also aimed to evaluate the N loss by ammonia volatilization and the N supply to corn plants by urea in its pearled and granulated form, coated with humic acids synthesized from eucalyptus charcoal. An experiment was installed in a Red-and-Yellow cambic Acrisol, cultivated for several years and which now shows good fertility. We evaluated the PETROBRAS pearled urea (UPP), pearled urea UPI, PETROBRAS granulated urea (UGP), granulated urea UGI and special granulated urea (UTI). The dosages of fertilization on coverage were: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 N. We evaluated the application of topdressing at the growth stage of corn characterized by the second, fourth and sixth fully expanded leaves and also the application of superficial urea (S) and incorporated to 5 cm depth (I), both in line next to the plants. These factors were combined according to an incomplete factorial, a Baconian matrix, resulting in 19 treatments, plus an additional treatment corresponding to the absence of nitrogen fertilization on coverage. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Data from volatilization of NH3, number and weight seed by ear of corn, yield corn, content and N recovery were by corn plants subjected to analysis of variance with regression fits and comparisons using contrasts. In another experiment we evaluated the pearled (UPP) and granulated (UPG) urea produced by PETROBRAS and the special granulated urea (UTI), uncoated or coated with 200, 120 and 80 g kg-1 of humic acid, respectively, applied onto the soil surface or incorporated to 3 cm depth resulting in a factorial (3 x 2 x 2) + 1, which corresponds to the treatment without topdressing. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using corn in pots with 5 dm³ of an Oxisol in a completely randomized design with four replications. The humic acids were synthesized from eucalyptus charcoal obtained with final carbonization temperature of 350 °C. The variables analyzed were: dry matter, amount of absorbed and accumulated N, NH3 volatilization, content of NO3- and NH4+ in the soil. Data were subjected to analysis of variance. The plots fertilized with the UPP showed same losses of NH3 as for plots fertilized with the other N sources in surface. The plots UGP fertilized plots showed NH3 losses significantly higher than the ones fertilized with UGI. In incorporated application promoted less NH3 volatilization compared with surface application demonstrating the efficiency of fertilizer management practices. UPI promoted higher corn yields than UPP. The UGI, UGP and UTI forms of granulated urea favored an equivalent yield to the obtained with UPP. The yield corn was not altered by the period of the nitrogen fertilization application, indicating that N can be applied when the plant has two open leaves. The yield did not differ between the treatments with incorporated and superficial application of urea. The effects of coating with humic acids for each urea and the effects of the application form for each urea with or without coating were compared using the F test (p <0.05). The mean effects of the forms of urea were compared with the treatment without fertilization of coverage (additional treatment) by means of orthogonal contrasts (p <0.05). The characteristics of humic acids were similar to those found in the literature, indicating that the methodology is feasible for production. The volatilization of NH3 and dry weight of plants were not affected by the use of humic acids as a coating for the forms of urea, however, for N uptake and apparent recovery of N there was a positive effect indicating that the coating of the UPP is advantageous when applied superficially.