Desempenho e digestão em bezerros, com adição de acidificante ou ácido propiônico na ração

• Autor(a) principal: Ribeiro, Marinaldo Divino
• Data de Publicação: 2007
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1899
• topic: Bovino; Nutrição; Desempenho; Ácidos graxos; Calves; Nutrition; Performance; Fatty acids; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL::AVALIACAO DE ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMAIS

Five experiments had been carried through. The three first experiments had been done in order to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of acidifying in the milk, in the milk replace or in the concentrate on the consumption, the performance and sanitary characteristics of calves in the phases of before and after-weaning. In the experiment 1 it had been used 62 hybrid calves, Holstein X Zebu and Holstein race, from the birth to the 60 days, on average, and kept in individual bays. The animals had been placed in the following treatments: milk with or without acidifying. After the three first days, which they had received colostrums, the animals had the milk during 56 days, considering five liters of milk/animal/day, distributed in two meals, which are three liters in the morning and two by the afternoon. For the animals that had received the acidifying, it was added at the moment the milk was served. From the second week of age on, it was supplied initial concentration of 18% of crude protein. The addition of acidifying to the milk did not influence (P>0.05) the average consumptions of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP), which was 818 and 196g/animal/day, respectively. The addition of acidifying to the milk also did not provide weight gain (P>0.05), observed that the average weight gain was of 525 g/animal/day, and it resulted in an average alimentary efficiency of 0.5. The addition of acidifying to the milk did not present improvement in the sanitary characteristics of the animals. In the experiment 2 it had been used the same animals of the experiment 1. Sixty up to a hundred days were spent on it, however. The animals had been placed in the following treatments: concentrated after-weaning with or without acidifying. During the experimental process, the animals had received concentrated after-weaning until the maximum of 2 kg/animal/day, contending or not acidifying on it, and hay, predominantly composed of grass coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon). The addition of acidifying to the concentrate did not influence the average consumption of DM and CP, which was of 1.74 and 0.217 kg/animal/day. The inclusion of acidifying to the concentrate also did not provide significant gain. It had average gain of 513 g/animal/day, which resulted in an average alimentary efficiency of 0.07. The addition of acidifying to the concentrate did not present improvement in the sanitary characteristics of the animals. In the experiment 3, in which had been used only 16 animals and milk replace in the consumption of the animals, the found results are similar to the observed ones when the animals had been fed with or without acidified milk. Thus, the use of acidifying for calves, in milk, concentrated milk replace or after-weaning did not result in benefits. The experiment 4 was lead in order to evaluate the effect of different concentrated levels on the consumption diets, digestion characteristics, rate passage and nutrients supply in calves. Four hybrid calves had been used, Holstein × Zebu, with average age of seven months and 155 kg of weight, distributed in Latin Square (4 treatments × 4 periods, 16 days each period). The animals had been fed according to their will, in the complete diet way, contending the levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80% of concentrate, in the DM bases. In the formularization of the diets it was used the hay of grass coast-cross, corn grain, bran of soy and mineral mixture, in such a way that they presented average text of CP equals 15.4%. The concentrate levels had influenced (P<0.05) the consumptions of DM, organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), expressed in kg/day and %PV. When expressed in kg/day, the consumptions of DM, OM, NDF and TC had presented linear behavior, the CP and the TDN, quadratic. The coefficients of total digestion apparent of DM and CP had been influenced by the concentrate levels, while OM, EE, NDF and TC had presented linear behavior (P<0.05). The effect (P>0.05) for the average ammoniac nitrogen concentration was not observed, according to the concentrate levels, for each time of analysis, which average text of 29.41 mg/dL liquid of rumen. However, for pH, influence was observed (P<0.05), of concentrate levels for the analyzed times. It was not observed effect (P>0.05) for the average glucose concentrate, as the average used was 87.28 mg/dL. For the ureic nitrogen, negative linear behavior was observed, considering the concentrate levels, for each time after-feeding process. Estimates of the average concentrations and the volatile fatty acid (VFA) ratios evaluated effect was not observed, considering the concentrate levels for the evaluation times. The fluid passage dinamic was not effected (P>0.05) by the concentrate levels. However, the concentrate passage dynamic was influenced (P<0.05), the esteem maximum values for the rate of flow of particles, average time of retention in the compartments rumen and total, were 0.0472%h, 42.39h and 44.81h, for 53.35%; 53.37 and 53.95% of concentrate, respectively. Base don the results, the suggestion is the use of the concentrate voluminous for the same aged calves used in the present experiment at 60:40. The experiment 5 was lead in order to evaluate the combination effect from two voluminous concentrate relations (VCR) associated to the ruminal infusion of acid propionic (RIAP) in the consumption, digestion characteristics, passages and nutrients supply in calves. Four calves were used, Holstein × Zebu, with average age of seven months and 161 kg of alive weight, distributed in Latin square (4 treatments × 4 periods, each period of 16 days). The tested treatment was the VCR of 80 and 60% from the voluminous, in bases of DM associated or not to the RIAP. The animals could eat at anytime they wanted to, based on the complete diet. The hay of grass was used in the formularization of the diets coast-cross, corn grain, bran of soy and mineral mixture, in such a way that they presented average text of equal CP 15.4%. The source of acid propionic was produced from the fermentation, for the trust of the bacteria Enterococcus sp. and Veillonella sp., from the resultant milk serum from the production of reconstituted cheese. Daily and with the solid foods supply they were in the rumen of the animals distributed in the treatments contending the acid propionic two liters of the made up organic acid considering acid propionic as the main product. Except for the nutrient digestible totals, it did not have interaction (P>0.05) between the VCR and the RIAP, for the variable DM, OM, EE, NDF and TC. When analyzed the main factors effect, in an independent way, is observed that the consumptions OM, CP, EE and NDF, as the TDN, had suffered effect (P<0.05) from the used VCR. There wasn t interaction (P>0.05) between the VCR and the RIAP in the digestion coefficients apparent total for DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and TC. However, when the main factors are observed, the digestion coefficients of DM, OM, EE and TC were influenced by the VCR (P<0.05). There wasn t interaction (P>0.05), between the VCR relations in the RIAP for the average concentrate of N-NH3 and pH from ruminal liquid. The infusion of acid propionic propitiated effect on pH four hours after feeding, considering the biggest values observed for the animals that had received the acid propionic. It weren t observed neither interaction nor any effect in the significant main factors (P>0.05) for the acid concentrations of VFA in the ruminal liquid, for the glucose levels and seric ureic nitrogen, and for the parameters of the fluid passage dynamics and solids.