Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Oliveira, André Soares de
Data de Publicação: 2008
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1704
Resumo: The expectation of gradual growth of biodiesel participation in world energetic matrix creates the needs of studies that generate information about the use of the coproducts generated by the productive chain. This way, it is proposed to evaluate the coproducts of castor (Ricinus communis L.) and sunflower ((Helianthus annuus L.) seeds oil extraction in ruminant feeding, divided in four experiments. In experiment I, it was evaluated the use of solvent (SCM) or expeller castor seed meal (ECM) treated or not with 40 g.kg-1 of Ca(OH)2 on intake and digestibility, hepatic function, rumen microbial nitrogen synthesis and nitrogen balance in sheep. Nineteen sheep, with 56 kg average initial weight were used, kept in metabolic cages for 21 days, being 16 days for adaptation and five days of collection. The animals were distributed in five treatments, relative to the protein source, in 15% in dieta (basis DM): soybean meal (SM); SCM, SCM treated with Ca(OH)2 (SCMT), ECM and ECM treated with Ca(OH)2 (ECMT), which were arranged in a 2x2+1 factorial (with additional factor). The treatment with Ca(OH)2 reduced in 62.1 and 64.8% the SCM ricin content (773 mg.kg-1 of DM) and of ECM (799 mg.kg-1 of DM). The ricin daily average intake reduced (P<0.10) with alkaline treatment, from the average 2.43 to 0.96 g.kg-1 of body weight. No ricin intoxication clinical symptoms were observed and serum levels of enzymes related to hepatic function were not altered, being within the species normal pattern. There was no effect between castor seed meal and soybean meal, interactions between castor seed source and treatment with Ca(OH)2 and, castorseed meal source on DM and components the diet intake, except for intakes of ether extract (EE) greater (P<0.10) for ECM, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and NFC corretec for ash and protein (NFCap), greater (P<0.10) for the diet with SM. However, the Ca(OH)2 treatment of castorseed meal SCM and ECM increased (P<0.10) the DM, CP and NFCap intakes. There was no effect in digestibility coefficient between castor seed meal and soybean meal (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM), interaction between castor seed meal source and Ca(OH)2 treatment, and castor seed meal source (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM). The alkaline treatment increased (P<0.10) all components digestibility coefficient (except TCDC and NFCDC). Microbial protein synthesis and diet energetic and nitrogen substrates utilization efficiency (NUEi) increased (P<0.10) only with Ca(OH)2 treatment. Despite the N-urea urinary excretion had increased with Ca (OH)2, the greater (P<0.10) NUEi reduced (P<0.10) fecal N loss, increasing N retention in 21.3%. Treatment of solvent or expeller castor seed meal with 40g of Ca(OH)2/kg, based on natural matter, although not completely desnaturation the ricin, improvement the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen components in diets for sheep. In experiment II, it was evaluated the rumen microorganisms in vitro capacity to detoxification the ricin, as an effect of solvent castor seed meal (SCM) soluble proteins (containing ricin) denaturation on microbial growth rate (&#956;) and ammonium average concentration. Rumen in vitro incubations containing three soluble protein sources (tripticase, SCM crude extract protein (CEP) intact or in denaturized state with calcium oxide) were evaluated in three doses (0.42, 0.84 and 1.64 g.L-1), in a completely randomized design, with three repetitions, in a 3x3 factorial scheme. At the times 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, culture medium samples were collected to analysis of: ricin, by gel eletroforesis means (SDS-PAGE), densitometry and total protein dosage; microbial growth (DO-600 nm); and ammonium dosage. Ricin subunits do not disappear in the absence of rumen inoculums, but are degraded to rates of 0.2725, 0.1504 and 0.0648 h-1 with rumen inoculums initial concentrations of 61, 122 and 243 &#956;g.mL of ricin in culture medium. These ricin concentrations represent a ratio of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 kg of SCM per liter of rumen culture medium. There were interactions (P<0.05) in instantaneous rate of microbial growth (&#956;) between dose and soluble protein source and between dose and CEP of SCM denaturizing. Linear increase (P<0.05) of &#956; is observed with increase of tripticase dose, but quadratic reduction (P<0.05) with increase of CEP intact SCM dose, and estimating the minimum value of -0,0038h-1 in µ, at dose of 1,444 g/L. The &#956; increase (P<0.05) with denaturation of CEP of SCM. The average concentration of ammonium was lesser (P<0.05) in CEP of SCM treatment relative to tripticase, with no denaturation effect observed. The results indicate that, despite rumen microorganisms are capable of degrade ricin, reducting its toxic action in host animal, the toxin inhibits rumen microbial growth. Therefore, castor seed meal complete detoxication is recommended for used in ruminant feeding.. In experiment III, With the objective of defining the detoxification method, detoxification efficacy (DE) of CSM was evaluated by means of alkaline treatment (Ca(OH)2 or CaO, in 20, 40 or 60 g.kg-1 doses, diluted or not in water) or heat (autoclave with 1.23 kgf/cm2 pressure or 15 psi at 123°C, during 30, 60 or 90 minutes) and its effects on chemical composition, in situ rumen degradation kinetics of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, dry matter (DM) and in vitro true intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (RUPIVD). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five repetitions. Treatments efficacy was evaluated based on the presence of ricin subunits in 15% policramida gel (SDS-PAGE) in denaturizing condition, densitometric analysis and total protein dosage. It was observed 831 g of ricina.kg-1 of DM in CSM control. The 100% detoxification efficacy with Ca(OH)2 in 40 g.kg-1 dose of meal or with autoclave at 15 psi during 60 minutes, observed in previous researches, was not confirmed in the present study. Only the treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO, diluted in water (1:10), in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with autoclave (90 minutes) are efficient (P<0.05) in detoxify ricin. The alkaline treatment, independent of the source, and thermal treatment reduce (P<0.05) the rate and CP effective ruminal degradability, but without effect on degradation extension and RUP-IVD. Only the alkaline treatment promotes reductions (P<0.05) in ruminal repletion estimates of NDF potentially digestible fraction, because of the rumen degradation rate increase. The costs with alkaline agent acquisition are estimated to be equivalent to 6% of the CSM FOB price commercialized as fertilizer. The alkaline treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with 90 minutes of autoclave (1.23 kgf/cm2, 123°C) can permit the use of CSM in ruminant feeding, but its application in industrial scale dependent of studies on operational and economic viability. In experiment IV, it was evaluated the effect of four sunflower meal (SFM) levels in the diet (0, 7, 14 and 21%, DM basis) of dairy cows with 30 kg.day-1 production on the productive performance na nutrients utilization efficiency. Twelve Holstein breed cows were distributed in three 4x4 Latin squares. The diets were isoprotein (16.2% CP, DM basis), containing 55% corn silage, DM basis. The SFM substituted the mixture containing 53.57% of soybean meal and 47.37% of wheat meal, DM basis (FS:FT). Williams test was adopted as the average comparison procedure. The SFM presented greater absolute value for CP in situ ruminal effective degradability relative to FS:FT mixture (68.68 vs 62.92%). The nutrients intake was not affected by SFM, except that of EE, which reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM, and of NDF, which increased (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, OM and TC digestibility coefficients, and the TDN content reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, EE, TC, digestible NFC, as well as TDN intake reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM. Milk composition was not affected by SFM, but milk production (PL), lactose and total solids production reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The 3.5% fat corrected PL, fat, protein and solids non-fat production, and the conversion efficiency of dietetic N into milk secreted N (EUNmilk) reduced (P<0.05) from 14% of SFM. The level of SFM did not affect rumen microbial protein (estimated by the derivatives in purine urinary excretion and secretion of milk) and energetic substrates utilization efficiency, but reduced (P<0.05) the degradable nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency for microbial N synthesis (NUEd) from 21% of SFM.There was no effect on the N urinary excretion. Because of the ECNd and EUN milk reductions (P<0.05), from 21% of SFM the urine and feces N losses absolute value increased. The SFM can be included in up to 14% in diets of dairy cows with production of 30 kg/day, without affecting the milk production, milk composition and the efficiencies of using nitrogen and energy components of the diet.
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spelling Oliveira, André Soares dehttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4735354H3Detmann, Edeniohttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4760013T1Lana, Rogério de Paulahttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4782867Y6Campos, José Maurício de Souzahttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4798551U0Machado, Olga Lima Tavareshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787032J0Valadares, Rilene Ferreira Dinizhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787025E42015-03-26T12:54:24Z2008-12-222015-03-26T12:54:24Z2008-08-20OLIVEIRA, André Soares de. Co-products of castor seed and sunflower seed oil extraction in ruminant feeding. 2008. 183 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2008.http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1704The expectation of gradual growth of biodiesel participation in world energetic matrix creates the needs of studies that generate information about the use of the coproducts generated by the productive chain. This way, it is proposed to evaluate the coproducts of castor (Ricinus communis L.) and sunflower ((Helianthus annuus L.) seeds oil extraction in ruminant feeding, divided in four experiments. In experiment I, it was evaluated the use of solvent (SCM) or expeller castor seed meal (ECM) treated or not with 40 g.kg-1 of Ca(OH)2 on intake and digestibility, hepatic function, rumen microbial nitrogen synthesis and nitrogen balance in sheep. Nineteen sheep, with 56 kg average initial weight were used, kept in metabolic cages for 21 days, being 16 days for adaptation and five days of collection. The animals were distributed in five treatments, relative to the protein source, in 15% in dieta (basis DM): soybean meal (SM); SCM, SCM treated with Ca(OH)2 (SCMT), ECM and ECM treated with Ca(OH)2 (ECMT), which were arranged in a 2x2+1 factorial (with additional factor). The treatment with Ca(OH)2 reduced in 62.1 and 64.8% the SCM ricin content (773 mg.kg-1 of DM) and of ECM (799 mg.kg-1 of DM). The ricin daily average intake reduced (P<0.10) with alkaline treatment, from the average 2.43 to 0.96 g.kg-1 of body weight. No ricin intoxication clinical symptoms were observed and serum levels of enzymes related to hepatic function were not altered, being within the species normal pattern. There was no effect between castor seed meal and soybean meal, interactions between castor seed source and treatment with Ca(OH)2 and, castorseed meal source on DM and components the diet intake, except for intakes of ether extract (EE) greater (P<0.10) for ECM, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and NFC corretec for ash and protein (NFCap), greater (P<0.10) for the diet with SM. However, the Ca(OH)2 treatment of castorseed meal SCM and ECM increased (P<0.10) the DM, CP and NFCap intakes. There was no effect in digestibility coefficient between castor seed meal and soybean meal (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM), interaction between castor seed meal source and Ca(OH)2 treatment, and castor seed meal source (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM). The alkaline treatment increased (P<0.10) all components digestibility coefficient (except TCDC and NFCDC). Microbial protein synthesis and diet energetic and nitrogen substrates utilization efficiency (NUEi) increased (P<0.10) only with Ca(OH)2 treatment. Despite the N-urea urinary excretion had increased with Ca (OH)2, the greater (P<0.10) NUEi reduced (P<0.10) fecal N loss, increasing N retention in 21.3%. Treatment of solvent or expeller castor seed meal with 40g of Ca(OH)2/kg, based on natural matter, although not completely desnaturation the ricin, improvement the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen components in diets for sheep. In experiment II, it was evaluated the rumen microorganisms in vitro capacity to detoxification the ricin, as an effect of solvent castor seed meal (SCM) soluble proteins (containing ricin) denaturation on microbial growth rate (&#956;) and ammonium average concentration. Rumen in vitro incubations containing three soluble protein sources (tripticase, SCM crude extract protein (CEP) intact or in denaturized state with calcium oxide) were evaluated in three doses (0.42, 0.84 and 1.64 g.L-1), in a completely randomized design, with three repetitions, in a 3x3 factorial scheme. At the times 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, culture medium samples were collected to analysis of: ricin, by gel eletroforesis means (SDS-PAGE), densitometry and total protein dosage; microbial growth (DO-600 nm); and ammonium dosage. Ricin subunits do not disappear in the absence of rumen inoculums, but are degraded to rates of 0.2725, 0.1504 and 0.0648 h-1 with rumen inoculums initial concentrations of 61, 122 and 243 &#956;g.mL of ricin in culture medium. These ricin concentrations represent a ratio of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 kg of SCM per liter of rumen culture medium. There were interactions (P<0.05) in instantaneous rate of microbial growth (&#956;) between dose and soluble protein source and between dose and CEP of SCM denaturizing. Linear increase (P<0.05) of &#956; is observed with increase of tripticase dose, but quadratic reduction (P<0.05) with increase of CEP intact SCM dose, and estimating the minimum value of -0,0038h-1 in µ, at dose of 1,444 g/L. The &#956; increase (P<0.05) with denaturation of CEP of SCM. The average concentration of ammonium was lesser (P<0.05) in CEP of SCM treatment relative to tripticase, with no denaturation effect observed. The results indicate that, despite rumen microorganisms are capable of degrade ricin, reducting its toxic action in host animal, the toxin inhibits rumen microbial growth. Therefore, castor seed meal complete detoxication is recommended for used in ruminant feeding.. In experiment III, With the objective of defining the detoxification method, detoxification efficacy (DE) of CSM was evaluated by means of alkaline treatment (Ca(OH)2 or CaO, in 20, 40 or 60 g.kg-1 doses, diluted or not in water) or heat (autoclave with 1.23 kgf/cm2 pressure or 15 psi at 123°C, during 30, 60 or 90 minutes) and its effects on chemical composition, in situ rumen degradation kinetics of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, dry matter (DM) and in vitro true intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (RUPIVD). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five repetitions. Treatments efficacy was evaluated based on the presence of ricin subunits in 15% policramida gel (SDS-PAGE) in denaturizing condition, densitometric analysis and total protein dosage. It was observed 831 g of ricina.kg-1 of DM in CSM control. The 100% detoxification efficacy with Ca(OH)2 in 40 g.kg-1 dose of meal or with autoclave at 15 psi during 60 minutes, observed in previous researches, was not confirmed in the present study. Only the treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO, diluted in water (1:10), in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with autoclave (90 minutes) are efficient (P<0.05) in detoxify ricin. The alkaline treatment, independent of the source, and thermal treatment reduce (P<0.05) the rate and CP effective ruminal degradability, but without effect on degradation extension and RUP-IVD. Only the alkaline treatment promotes reductions (P<0.05) in ruminal repletion estimates of NDF potentially digestible fraction, because of the rumen degradation rate increase. The costs with alkaline agent acquisition are estimated to be equivalent to 6% of the CSM FOB price commercialized as fertilizer. The alkaline treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with 90 minutes of autoclave (1.23 kgf/cm2, 123°C) can permit the use of CSM in ruminant feeding, but its application in industrial scale dependent of studies on operational and economic viability. In experiment IV, it was evaluated the effect of four sunflower meal (SFM) levels in the diet (0, 7, 14 and 21%, DM basis) of dairy cows with 30 kg.day-1 production on the productive performance na nutrients utilization efficiency. Twelve Holstein breed cows were distributed in three 4x4 Latin squares. The diets were isoprotein (16.2% CP, DM basis), containing 55% corn silage, DM basis. The SFM substituted the mixture containing 53.57% of soybean meal and 47.37% of wheat meal, DM basis (FS:FT). Williams test was adopted as the average comparison procedure. The SFM presented greater absolute value for CP in situ ruminal effective degradability relative to FS:FT mixture (68.68 vs 62.92%). The nutrients intake was not affected by SFM, except that of EE, which reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM, and of NDF, which increased (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, OM and TC digestibility coefficients, and the TDN content reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, EE, TC, digestible NFC, as well as TDN intake reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM. Milk composition was not affected by SFM, but milk production (PL), lactose and total solids production reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The 3.5% fat corrected PL, fat, protein and solids non-fat production, and the conversion efficiency of dietetic N into milk secreted N (EUNmilk) reduced (P<0.05) from 14% of SFM. The level of SFM did not affect rumen microbial protein (estimated by the derivatives in purine urinary excretion and secretion of milk) and energetic substrates utilization efficiency, but reduced (P<0.05) the degradable nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency for microbial N synthesis (NUEd) from 21% of SFM.There was no effect on the N urinary excretion. Because of the ECNd and EUN milk reductions (P<0.05), from 21% of SFM the urine and feces N losses absolute value increased. The SFM can be included in up to 14% in diets of dairy cows with production of 30 kg/day, without affecting the milk production, milk composition and the efficiencies of using nitrogen and energy components of the diet.A expectativa de crescimento gradual da participação do biodiesel na matriz energética mundial, cria necessidade de estudos sobre a utilização dos co-produtos gerados pela cadeia produtiva. Neste sentido, propõe-se avaliar os co- produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) e de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) na alimentação de ruminantes, em quatro experimentos. No experimento I avaliou-se o uso do farelo (FM) ou torta de mamona (TM), tratado ou não com 40g de Ca(OH)2/kg, sobre o consumo e digestibilidade, função hepática, síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos no rúmen e balanço de nitrogênio em bovinos. Utilizou-se 19 ovinos sem raça definida com peso inicial médio de 56 kg, mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo por 21 dias, sendo 16 dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta. Os animais foram distribuídos em cinco tratamentos referentes à fonte protéica, em 15% da matéria seca (MS) da dieta: farelo de soja, FM, FM tratado com Ca (OH)2 (FMT), TM e TM tratado com Ca(OH)2 (TMT), os quais foram arranjados num fatorial 2x2+1 (com fator adicional). O tratamento com Ca(OH)2 reduziu em 62,1 e 64,8% o teor de ricina do FM (773 mg/kg de MS) e da TM (799 mg/kg de MS). O consumo médio diário de ricina reduziu (P<0,10) com o tratamento alcalino, em média de 2,43 para 0,96 g/kg de peso corporal. Não foram observados sintomas clínicos de intoxicação por ricina e os níveis séricos de enzimas elacionados com função hepática não se alteraram, estando dentro do padrão normal da espécie. Não houve efeitos entre mamona e soja, de interações entre fonte e tratamento com Ca(OH)2 e de fonte de mamona sobre os consumos de MS e componentes da dieta, exceto para os consumos de extrato etéreo (EE), maior (P<0,10) para a TM, e de carboidratos não-fibrosos corrigidos para cinza e proteína (CNFcp), maior (P<0,10) para dieta com FS. Porém, o tratamento do FM e TM com Ca(OH)2 aumentou (P<0,10) o consumo de MS, proteína bruta e CNFcp. Não houve efeito no coeficiente de digestibilidade (CD) da dieta entre mamona e soja (exceto para CDEE, maior (P<0,10) para TM), de interação entre fonte de mamona e tratamento com Ca(OH)2 e de fonte de mamona (exceto para CDEE, maior (P<0,10) para TM). O tratamento alcalino aumentou (P<0,10) o CD de todos os componentes (exceto CDCNFcp). A síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos no rúmen e a eficiência de utilização dos substratos energéticos e nitrogenados (ECNi) da dieta aumentaram (P<0,10) apenas com Ca(OH)2. Apesar da excreção urinária de Nuréia ter aumentado com o Ca(OH)2, a maior (P<0,10) ECNi reduziu (P<0,10) as perda de N fecal, aumentando-se em 21,3% a retenção de N. O tratamento do FM ou TM com 40g de Ca(OH)2/kg, base da matéria natural, apesar de não desnaturar completamente a ricina, amplia a eficiência de utilização dos componentes energéticos e nitrogenados em dietas para ovinos. No experimento II avaliou-se a capacidade in vitro dos microrganismos ruminais em destoxificar a ricina do farelo de mamona (FM), bem como o efeito da desnaturação de proteínas solúveis do FM por meio de tratamento alcalino, sobre a taxa de crescimento microbiano (µ) e a concentração média de amônia ao longo da incubação. Foram avaliadas três fontes de proteína solúvel (tripticase, extrato bruto de farelo de mamona (EBP) em estado intacto; e EBP em estado desnaturado com óxido de cálcio) em três doses de proteína (0,42; 0,84 e 1,64 g/L), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x3. Foram coletadas amostras do meio de cultivo nos tempos 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas para: análise de ricina, mediante eletroforese em gel (SDS-PAGE), densitometria e dosagem de proteína total; avaliação do crescimento microbiano (DO-600 nm); e dosagem de amônia. As sub-unidades de ricina não desaparecem na ausência de inóculo ruminal, mas foram degradadas a taxas de 0,2725; 0,1504 e 0,0648h-1 com inóculo ruminal nas concentrações iniciais de 61, 122 e 243 µg de ricina/mL do meio de cultivo. Estas concentrações de ricina representaram uma relação de 0,15; 0,30 e 0,60 kg de FM por litro de meio de cultivo ruminal. Houve interações (P<0,05) na taxa instantânea de crescimento microbiano (µ) entre dose e fonte de proteína solúvel e entre dose e desnaturação do EBP de FM. Houve incremento linear (P<0,05) na µ com aumento na dose de tripticase, e redução (P<0,05) de forma quadrática com aumento na dose de EBP intacto de FM, sendo estimando o valor mínimo de -0,0038h-1 na µ, na dose de 1,444 g/L. A µ aumenta (P<0,05) com desnaturação do EBP de farelo de mamona, mas não é afetada pela dose de EBP de mamona em estado desnaturado. A concentração média de amônia foi menor (P<0,05) para o tratamento com EBP de FM em relação tripticase, não sendo observado efeitos de desnaturação. Os resultados indicam que apesar da microbiota ruminal ser capaz degradar a ricina, reduzindo sua ação tóxica no animal hospedeiro, a toxina inibe o crescimento microbiano ruminal. Recomenda-se a completa destoxificação do farelo de mamona para seu uso na alimentação de ruminantes. No experimento III, objetivando-se definir o método de destoxificação, avaliou-se a eficácia de destoxificação do FM por meio de tratamento alcalino (Ca(OH)2 ou CaO, nas doses de 20, 40 ou 60 g/kg, diluído ou não em água) ou térmico (autoclave com pressão de 1,23 kgf/cm2 ou 15 psi a 123oC, durante 30, 60 ou 90 minutos) e seus efeitos sobre a composição química, cinética de degradação ruminal in situ da proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), matéria seca (MS) e digestibilidade verdadeira intestinal in vitro da proteína não-degradada no rúmen (DIVPNDR). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. A eficácia dos tratamentos foi avaliada com base na presença das sub- unidades de ricina em gel a 15% de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) em condição desnaturante, análise densitométrica e dosagem de proteína total. Observou-se teor 831g de ricina/kg de MS no FM controle. A eficácia de 100% de destoxificação com Ca (OH)2 na dose de 40 g/kg de farelo ou com autoclave em 15 psi durante 60 minutos, observada em pesquisas anteriores, não se confirmou no presente estudo. Somente os tratamentos com Ca(OH)2 ou CaO, diluídos em água (1:10), na dose de 60 g/kg de farelo, ou com autoclave (90 minutos) mostram-se eficazes (P<0,05) em destoxificar a ricina. O tratamento alcalino, independente da fonte, ou térmico reduzem (P<0,05) a taxa e a degradabilidade ruminal efetiva da PB, mas sem afetar a extensão de degradação e a DIV- PNDR. Somente o tratamento alcalino promove reduções (P<0,05) nas estimativas de repleção ruminal da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN, em razão do aumento na taxa de degradação ruminal. Estimam-se custos com aquisição do agente alcalino equivalentes a 6% do preço FOB (livre de frete e imposto) do FM comercializado como fertilizante. Os tratamentos alcalinos com Ca(OH)2 ou CaO na dose de 60g/kg de farelo, ou com 90 minutos de autoclave (1,23 kgf/cm2, 123oC) poderão permitir o uso da FM na alimentação de ruminantes, mas sua aplicação em escala industrial dependente de estudos sobre viabilidade operacional e econômica. No experimento IV avaliou-se o efeito de quatro níveis de inclusão de farelo de girassol (FG) na dieta (0, 7, 14 e 21%, base da MS) de vacas leiteiras com rodução de 30 kg/dia sobre o desempenho produtivo e a eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes. Utilizou-se 12 vacas da raça Holandesa distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4x4. As dietas foram isonitrogenadas (16,2% de PB, base MS) contendo 55% de silagem de milho, na base da MS. O FG substituiu a mistura contendo 53,57% de farelo de soja e 47,37% de farelo de trigo, na base da MS (FS:FT). Adotou-se o teste de Williams como procedimento de comparações de médias. O FG apresentou maior valor absoluto para degradabilidade ruminal efetiva in situ da PB em relação à mistura FS:FT (68,68 vs 62,92%). Os consumos dos nutrientes não foram afetados pelo FG, exceto o de EE que reduziu (P<0,05) a partir de 7% de FG e da FDN que aumentou (P<0,05) a partir de 21% FG. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO e CT, e o teor NDT reduziram (P<0,05) a partir de 21% de FG. Os consumos de MS, EE, CT, CNF digestíveis, bem como o consumo de NDT reduziram (P<0,05) a partir do nível de 7% de FG. A composição do leite não foi afetada pelo FG, mas a produção de leite (PL), produção de lactose e extrato seco total reduziram (P<0,05) a partir de 21% FG. A PL corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, a produção de gordura, proteína e extrato seco desengordurado, e a eficiência de conversão do N dietético em N secretado no leite (EUNleite) reduziram (P<0,05) a partir de 14% de FG. O nível de FG não afetou a síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal (estimada por meio da excreção urinária e secreção no leite de derivados de purinas) e a eficiência de utilização dos substratos energéticos, mas reduziu (P<0,05) a ficiência de utilização do nitrogênio (N) disponível para síntese de nitrogênio microbiano (ECNd) a partir de 21% de FG. Não houve efeito sobre a excreção de N urinário. Em razão das reduções (P<0,05) na ECNd e EUNleite, a partir de 21% de FG elevou-se o valor absoluto de perdas de N na urina e nas fezes. O FG pode ser incluído em até 14% em dietas de vacas leiteiras com produção de 30 kg/dia, sem afetar a produção de leite, a composição do leite e as eficiências de utilização dos componentes nitrogenados e energéticos da dieta.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológicoapplication/pdfporUniversidade Federal de ViçosaDoutorado em ZootecniaUFVBRGenética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e ForragiculNutrição animalProdução de leiteRicinaAnimal nutritionMilk productionRicinCNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL::AVALIACAO DE ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMAISCo-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantesCo-products of castor seed and sunflower seed oil extraction in ruminant feedinginfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFVinstname:Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)instacron:UFVORIGINALtexto completo.pdfapplication/pdf1333918https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/1704/1/texto%20completo.pdfaf40ce6da10d180cf56dd22e3fe5d0f4MD51TEXTtexto completo.pdf.txttexto completo.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain346334https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/1704/2/texto%20completo.pdf.txt8426ee4ce5ef6009d9f24bcda70916f1MD52THUMBNAILtexto completo.pdf.jpgtexto completo.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg3558https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/1704/3/texto%20completo.pdf.jpg0cef7bde17a610753805e81a849fdb8bMD53123456789/17042016-04-07 23:15:24.524oai:locus.ufv.br:123456789/1704Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.locus.ufv.br/oai/requestfabiojreis@ufv.bropendoar:21452016-04-08T02:15:24LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Co-products of castor seed and sunflower seed oil extraction in ruminant feeding
title Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
spellingShingle Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
Oliveira, André Soares de
Nutrição animal
Produção de leite
Ricina
Animal nutrition
Milk production
Ricin
CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL::AVALIACAO DE ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMAIS
title_short Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
title_full Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
title_fullStr Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
title_full_unstemmed Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
title_sort Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes
author Oliveira, André Soares de
author_facet Oliveira, André Soares de
author_role author
dc.contributor.authorLattes.por.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4735354H3
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Oliveira, André Soares de
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Detmann, Edenio
dc.contributor.advisor-co1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4760013T1
dc.contributor.advisor-co2.fl_str_mv Lana, Rogério de Paula
dc.contributor.advisor-co2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4782867Y6
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Campos, José Maurício de Souza
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4798551U0
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Machado, Olga Lima Tavares
dc.contributor.referee1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787032J0
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Valadares, Rilene Ferreira Diniz
dc.contributor.referee2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787025E4
contributor_str_mv Detmann, Edenio
Lana, Rogério de Paula
Campos, José Maurício de Souza
Machado, Olga Lima Tavares
Valadares, Rilene Ferreira Diniz
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Nutrição animal
Produção de leite
Ricina
topic Nutrição animal
Produção de leite
Ricina
Animal nutrition
Milk production
Ricin
CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL::AVALIACAO DE ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMAIS
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Animal nutrition
Milk production
Ricin
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL::AVALIACAO DE ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMAIS
description The expectation of gradual growth of biodiesel participation in world energetic matrix creates the needs of studies that generate information about the use of the coproducts generated by the productive chain. This way, it is proposed to evaluate the coproducts of castor (Ricinus communis L.) and sunflower ((Helianthus annuus L.) seeds oil extraction in ruminant feeding, divided in four experiments. In experiment I, it was evaluated the use of solvent (SCM) or expeller castor seed meal (ECM) treated or not with 40 g.kg-1 of Ca(OH)2 on intake and digestibility, hepatic function, rumen microbial nitrogen synthesis and nitrogen balance in sheep. Nineteen sheep, with 56 kg average initial weight were used, kept in metabolic cages for 21 days, being 16 days for adaptation and five days of collection. The animals were distributed in five treatments, relative to the protein source, in 15% in dieta (basis DM): soybean meal (SM); SCM, SCM treated with Ca(OH)2 (SCMT), ECM and ECM treated with Ca(OH)2 (ECMT), which were arranged in a 2x2+1 factorial (with additional factor). The treatment with Ca(OH)2 reduced in 62.1 and 64.8% the SCM ricin content (773 mg.kg-1 of DM) and of ECM (799 mg.kg-1 of DM). The ricin daily average intake reduced (P<0.10) with alkaline treatment, from the average 2.43 to 0.96 g.kg-1 of body weight. No ricin intoxication clinical symptoms were observed and serum levels of enzymes related to hepatic function were not altered, being within the species normal pattern. There was no effect between castor seed meal and soybean meal, interactions between castor seed source and treatment with Ca(OH)2 and, castorseed meal source on DM and components the diet intake, except for intakes of ether extract (EE) greater (P<0.10) for ECM, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and NFC corretec for ash and protein (NFCap), greater (P<0.10) for the diet with SM. However, the Ca(OH)2 treatment of castorseed meal SCM and ECM increased (P<0.10) the DM, CP and NFCap intakes. There was no effect in digestibility coefficient between castor seed meal and soybean meal (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM), interaction between castor seed meal source and Ca(OH)2 treatment, and castor seed meal source (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM). The alkaline treatment increased (P<0.10) all components digestibility coefficient (except TCDC and NFCDC). Microbial protein synthesis and diet energetic and nitrogen substrates utilization efficiency (NUEi) increased (P<0.10) only with Ca(OH)2 treatment. Despite the N-urea urinary excretion had increased with Ca (OH)2, the greater (P<0.10) NUEi reduced (P<0.10) fecal N loss, increasing N retention in 21.3%. Treatment of solvent or expeller castor seed meal with 40g of Ca(OH)2/kg, based on natural matter, although not completely desnaturation the ricin, improvement the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen components in diets for sheep. In experiment II, it was evaluated the rumen microorganisms in vitro capacity to detoxification the ricin, as an effect of solvent castor seed meal (SCM) soluble proteins (containing ricin) denaturation on microbial growth rate (&#956;) and ammonium average concentration. Rumen in vitro incubations containing three soluble protein sources (tripticase, SCM crude extract protein (CEP) intact or in denaturized state with calcium oxide) were evaluated in three doses (0.42, 0.84 and 1.64 g.L-1), in a completely randomized design, with three repetitions, in a 3x3 factorial scheme. At the times 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, culture medium samples were collected to analysis of: ricin, by gel eletroforesis means (SDS-PAGE), densitometry and total protein dosage; microbial growth (DO-600 nm); and ammonium dosage. Ricin subunits do not disappear in the absence of rumen inoculums, but are degraded to rates of 0.2725, 0.1504 and 0.0648 h-1 with rumen inoculums initial concentrations of 61, 122 and 243 &#956;g.mL of ricin in culture medium. These ricin concentrations represent a ratio of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 kg of SCM per liter of rumen culture medium. There were interactions (P<0.05) in instantaneous rate of microbial growth (&#956;) between dose and soluble protein source and between dose and CEP of SCM denaturizing. Linear increase (P<0.05) of &#956; is observed with increase of tripticase dose, but quadratic reduction (P<0.05) with increase of CEP intact SCM dose, and estimating the minimum value of -0,0038h-1 in µ, at dose of 1,444 g/L. The &#956; increase (P<0.05) with denaturation of CEP of SCM. The average concentration of ammonium was lesser (P<0.05) in CEP of SCM treatment relative to tripticase, with no denaturation effect observed. The results indicate that, despite rumen microorganisms are capable of degrade ricin, reducting its toxic action in host animal, the toxin inhibits rumen microbial growth. Therefore, castor seed meal complete detoxication is recommended for used in ruminant feeding.. In experiment III, With the objective of defining the detoxification method, detoxification efficacy (DE) of CSM was evaluated by means of alkaline treatment (Ca(OH)2 or CaO, in 20, 40 or 60 g.kg-1 doses, diluted or not in water) or heat (autoclave with 1.23 kgf/cm2 pressure or 15 psi at 123°C, during 30, 60 or 90 minutes) and its effects on chemical composition, in situ rumen degradation kinetics of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, dry matter (DM) and in vitro true intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (RUPIVD). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five repetitions. Treatments efficacy was evaluated based on the presence of ricin subunits in 15% policramida gel (SDS-PAGE) in denaturizing condition, densitometric analysis and total protein dosage. It was observed 831 g of ricina.kg-1 of DM in CSM control. The 100% detoxification efficacy with Ca(OH)2 in 40 g.kg-1 dose of meal or with autoclave at 15 psi during 60 minutes, observed in previous researches, was not confirmed in the present study. Only the treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO, diluted in water (1:10), in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with autoclave (90 minutes) are efficient (P<0.05) in detoxify ricin. The alkaline treatment, independent of the source, and thermal treatment reduce (P<0.05) the rate and CP effective ruminal degradability, but without effect on degradation extension and RUP-IVD. Only the alkaline treatment promotes reductions (P<0.05) in ruminal repletion estimates of NDF potentially digestible fraction, because of the rumen degradation rate increase. The costs with alkaline agent acquisition are estimated to be equivalent to 6% of the CSM FOB price commercialized as fertilizer. The alkaline treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with 90 minutes of autoclave (1.23 kgf/cm2, 123°C) can permit the use of CSM in ruminant feeding, but its application in industrial scale dependent of studies on operational and economic viability. In experiment IV, it was evaluated the effect of four sunflower meal (SFM) levels in the diet (0, 7, 14 and 21%, DM basis) of dairy cows with 30 kg.day-1 production on the productive performance na nutrients utilization efficiency. Twelve Holstein breed cows were distributed in three 4x4 Latin squares. The diets were isoprotein (16.2% CP, DM basis), containing 55% corn silage, DM basis. The SFM substituted the mixture containing 53.57% of soybean meal and 47.37% of wheat meal, DM basis (FS:FT). Williams test was adopted as the average comparison procedure. The SFM presented greater absolute value for CP in situ ruminal effective degradability relative to FS:FT mixture (68.68 vs 62.92%). The nutrients intake was not affected by SFM, except that of EE, which reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM, and of NDF, which increased (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, OM and TC digestibility coefficients, and the TDN content reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, EE, TC, digestible NFC, as well as TDN intake reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM. Milk composition was not affected by SFM, but milk production (PL), lactose and total solids production reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The 3.5% fat corrected PL, fat, protein and solids non-fat production, and the conversion efficiency of dietetic N into milk secreted N (EUNmilk) reduced (P<0.05) from 14% of SFM. The level of SFM did not affect rumen microbial protein (estimated by the derivatives in purine urinary excretion and secretion of milk) and energetic substrates utilization efficiency, but reduced (P<0.05) the degradable nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency for microbial N synthesis (NUEd) from 21% of SFM.There was no effect on the N urinary excretion. Because of the ECNd and EUN milk reductions (P<0.05), from 21% of SFM the urine and feces N losses absolute value increased. The SFM can be included in up to 14% in diets of dairy cows with production of 30 kg/day, without affecting the milk production, milk composition and the efficiencies of using nitrogen and energy components of the diet.
publishDate 2008
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2008-12-22
2015-03-26T12:54:24Z
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2008-08-20
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2015-03-26T12:54:24Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
format doctoralThesis
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv OLIVEIRA, André Soares de. Co-products of castor seed and sunflower seed oil extraction in ruminant feeding. 2008. 183 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2008.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1704
identifier_str_mv OLIVEIRA, André Soares de. Co-products of castor seed and sunflower seed oil extraction in ruminant feeding. 2008. 183 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2008.
url http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1704
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal de Viçosa
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv Doutorado em Zootecnia
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dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv BR
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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