Co-produtos da extração de óleo de sementes de mamona e de girassol na alimentação de ruminantes

• Autor(a) principal: Oliveira, André Soares de
• Data de Publicação: 2008
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1704
• topic: Nutrição animal; Produção de leite; Ricina; Animal nutrition; Milk production; Ricin; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL::AVALIACAO DE ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMAIS

The expectation of gradual growth of biodiesel participation in world energetic matrix creates the needs of studies that generate information about the use of the coproducts generated by the productive chain. This way, it is proposed to evaluate the coproducts of castor (Ricinus communis L.) and sunflower ((Helianthus annuus L.) seeds oil extraction in ruminant feeding, divided in four experiments. In experiment I, it was evaluated the use of solvent (SCM) or expeller castor seed meal (ECM) treated or not with 40 g.kg-1 of Ca(OH)2 on intake and digestibility, hepatic function, rumen microbial nitrogen synthesis and nitrogen balance in sheep. Nineteen sheep, with 56 kg average initial weight were used, kept in metabolic cages for 21 days, being 16 days for adaptation and five days of collection. The animals were distributed in five treatments, relative to the protein source, in 15% in dieta (basis DM): soybean meal (SM); SCM, SCM treated with Ca(OH)2 (SCMT), ECM and ECM treated with Ca(OH)2 (ECMT), which were arranged in a 2x2+1 factorial (with additional factor). The treatment with Ca(OH)2 reduced in 62.1 and 64.8% the SCM ricin content (773 mg.kg-1 of DM) and of ECM (799 mg.kg-1 of DM). The ricin daily average intake reduced (P<0.10) with alkaline treatment, from the average 2.43 to 0.96 g.kg-1 of body weight. No ricin intoxication clinical symptoms were observed and serum levels of enzymes related to hepatic function were not altered, being within the species normal pattern. There was no effect between castor seed meal and soybean meal, interactions between castor seed source and treatment with Ca(OH)2 and, castorseed meal source on DM and components the diet intake, except for intakes of ether extract (EE) greater (P<0.10) for ECM, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and NFC corretec for ash and protein (NFCap), greater (P<0.10) for the diet with SM. However, the Ca(OH)2 treatment of castorseed meal SCM and ECM increased (P<0.10) the DM, CP and NFCap intakes. There was no effect in digestibility coefficient between castor seed meal and soybean meal (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM), interaction between castor seed meal source and Ca(OH)2 treatment, and castor seed meal source (except for EEDC, greater (P<0.10) for ECM). The alkaline treatment increased (P<0.10) all components digestibility coefficient (except TCDC and NFCDC). Microbial protein synthesis and diet energetic and nitrogen substrates utilization efficiency (NUEi) increased (P<0.10) only with Ca(OH)2 treatment. Despite the N-urea urinary excretion had increased with Ca (OH)2, the greater (P<0.10) NUEi reduced (P<0.10) fecal N loss, increasing N retention in 21.3%. Treatment of solvent or expeller castor seed meal with 40g of Ca(OH)2/kg, based on natural matter, although not completely desnaturation the ricin, improvement the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen components in diets for sheep. In experiment II, it was evaluated the rumen microorganisms in vitro capacity to detoxification the ricin, as an effect of solvent castor seed meal (SCM) soluble proteins (containing ricin) denaturation on microbial growth rate (&#956;) and ammonium average concentration. Rumen in vitro incubations containing three soluble protein sources (tripticase, SCM crude extract protein (CEP) intact or in denaturized state with calcium oxide) were evaluated in three doses (0.42, 0.84 and 1.64 g.L-1), in a completely randomized design, with three repetitions, in a 3x3 factorial scheme. At the times 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, culture medium samples were collected to analysis of: ricin, by gel eletroforesis means (SDS-PAGE), densitometry and total protein dosage; microbial growth (DO-600 nm); and ammonium dosage. Ricin subunits do not disappear in the absence of rumen inoculums, but are degraded to rates of 0.2725, 0.1504 and 0.0648 h-1 with rumen inoculums initial concentrations of 61, 122 and 243 &#956;g.mL of ricin in culture medium. These ricin concentrations represent a ratio of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 kg of SCM per liter of rumen culture medium. There were interactions (P<0.05) in instantaneous rate of microbial growth (&#956;) between dose and soluble protein source and between dose and CEP of SCM denaturizing. Linear increase (P<0.05) of &#956; is observed with increase of tripticase dose, but quadratic reduction (P<0.05) with increase of CEP intact SCM dose, and estimating the minimum value of -0,0038h-1 in µ, at dose of 1,444 g/L. The &#956; increase (P<0.05) with denaturation of CEP of SCM. The average concentration of ammonium was lesser (P<0.05) in CEP of SCM treatment relative to tripticase, with no denaturation effect observed. The results indicate that, despite rumen microorganisms are capable of degrade ricin, reducting its toxic action in host animal, the toxin inhibits rumen microbial growth. Therefore, castor seed meal complete detoxication is recommended for used in ruminant feeding.. In experiment III, With the objective of defining the detoxification method, detoxification efficacy (DE) of CSM was evaluated by means of alkaline treatment (Ca(OH)2 or CaO, in 20, 40 or 60 g.kg-1 doses, diluted or not in water) or heat (autoclave with 1.23 kgf/cm2 pressure or 15 psi at 123°C, during 30, 60 or 90 minutes) and its effects on chemical composition, in situ rumen degradation kinetics of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, dry matter (DM) and in vitro true intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (RUPIVD). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five repetitions. Treatments efficacy was evaluated based on the presence of ricin subunits in 15% policramida gel (SDS-PAGE) in denaturizing condition, densitometric analysis and total protein dosage. It was observed 831 g of ricina.kg-1 of DM in CSM control. The 100% detoxification efficacy with Ca(OH)2 in 40 g.kg-1 dose of meal or with autoclave at 15 psi during 60 minutes, observed in previous researches, was not confirmed in the present study. Only the treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO, diluted in water (1:10), in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with autoclave (90 minutes) are efficient (P<0.05) in detoxify ricin. The alkaline treatment, independent of the source, and thermal treatment reduce (P<0.05) the rate and CP effective ruminal degradability, but without effect on degradation extension and RUP-IVD. Only the alkaline treatment promotes reductions (P<0.05) in ruminal repletion estimates of NDF potentially digestible fraction, because of the rumen degradation rate increase. The costs with alkaline agent acquisition are estimated to be equivalent to 6% of the CSM FOB price commercialized as fertilizer. The alkaline treatments with Ca(OH)2 or CaO in 60 g.kg-1 dose of meal, or with 90 minutes of autoclave (1.23 kgf/cm2, 123°C) can permit the use of CSM in ruminant feeding, but its application in industrial scale dependent of studies on operational and economic viability. In experiment IV, it was evaluated the effect of four sunflower meal (SFM) levels in the diet (0, 7, 14 and 21%, DM basis) of dairy cows with 30 kg.day-1 production on the productive performance na nutrients utilization efficiency. Twelve Holstein breed cows were distributed in three 4x4 Latin squares. The diets were isoprotein (16.2% CP, DM basis), containing 55% corn silage, DM basis. The SFM substituted the mixture containing 53.57% of soybean meal and 47.37% of wheat meal, DM basis (FS:FT). Williams test was adopted as the average comparison procedure. The SFM presented greater absolute value for CP in situ ruminal effective degradability relative to FS:FT mixture (68.68 vs 62.92%). The nutrients intake was not affected by SFM, except that of EE, which reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM, and of NDF, which increased (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, OM and TC digestibility coefficients, and the TDN content reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The DM, EE, TC, digestible NFC, as well as TDN intake reduced (P<0.05) from 7% of SFM. Milk composition was not affected by SFM, but milk production (PL), lactose and total solids production reduced (P<0.05) from 21% of SFM. The 3.5% fat corrected PL, fat, protein and solids non-fat production, and the conversion efficiency of dietetic N into milk secreted N (EUNmilk) reduced (P<0.05) from 14% of SFM. The level of SFM did not affect rumen microbial protein (estimated by the derivatives in purine urinary excretion and secretion of milk) and energetic substrates utilization efficiency, but reduced (P<0.05) the degradable nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency for microbial N synthesis (NUEd) from 21% of SFM.There was no effect on the N urinary excretion. Because of the ECNd and EUN milk reductions (P<0.05), from 21% of SFM the urine and feces N losses absolute value increased. The SFM can be included in up to 14% in diets of dairy cows with production of 30 kg/day, without affecting the milk production, milk composition and the efficiencies of using nitrogen and energy components of the diet.