Um estudo epistemológico do Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo voltado ao seu ensino

• Autor(a) principal: Grande, André Lúcio
• Data de Publicação: 2013
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP
• Texto Completo: https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/10979
• topic: Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo; Intuição; Rigor; Visualização; Fundamental Theorem of Calculus; Intuition; Rigor; Visualization; CNPQ::CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::MATEMATICA

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) occupies a prominent position in the study of Differential and Integral Calculus (DIC) as it establishes a relationship which exists between the operations of integration and differentiation as inverse to each other in addition to its use in the calculation of definite integrals, especially in solving problems which involve area, volume and arc length, amongst others. However, in the context of Mathematics Education, regarding the teaching and learning of Calculus, researches conducted in Brazil and other countries like France, England and the United States, have shown misunderstanding on the part of the students regarding the lack of connection between the concepts of Integral and Derivatives in the study of FTC. Facing this scenario, this thesis aimed at conducting a didactic and epistemological study of FTC, presenting, as its result, the elaboration and analysis of teaching intervention of which main aim was to reveal and bring up the relationship between the operations of derivation and integration and under which conditions this relationship is established as this constitutes the essence of the theorem. As a theoretical frame of reference, one has used the ideas connected to the use of intuition and rigor in the construction of mathematical knowledge according to Henri Poincaré (1995) as well as the categorizations of intuition and the interrelations between its components: the formal, algorithmic and intuitive components in mathematical activities according to Efraim Fischbein (1991). The research presented is qualitative, presenting, as methodological procedures, the development of a teaching intervention as wells as the analysis of the solutions to questions proposed by fourteen students from a technological course in a public college in the state of São Paulo with the help of Geogebra Software. In order to analyze the resolutions, besides the already mentioned theoretical frame of reference, one has also adopted the works of Tall (1991) on the role of visualization of the teaching of Calculus and the interrelationships with intuition and rigor. As results, one highlights that exploring the concepts of integral, initially by the idea of accumulation and working simultaneously with the question related to the variation of this accumulation, has shown to be a suitable strategy so that students could understand the mutual relationship between integration and derivation as operations inverse to each other, as well as it allowed them to internalize such relationship as in the genesis of FTC which came after the study of these operations. Furthermore, one can conclude that the concept of function constituted the conducting principle which guided students on the understanding of FTC. Nevertheless, difficulties in understanding the continuity of a function, one of the central points of the theorem, was also an issue which came up in the results of the teaching intervention. Analysis has shown better results on students dealing with mathematical activities when the axis of interactions among formal, algorithmic and intuitive components is dealt with the axis regarding the question of visualization in the process of teaching and learning Calculus. At the end of tasks, one has observed that students have begun to show indications of concern in order to relate intuition with rigor in the building of mathematical knowledge