Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Baltazar, Pedro Maciel
Data de Publicação: 2016
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)
Texto Completo: http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19836
Resumo: Slavery formed the soul of the economic system of the ancient world. It began in Europe during the Modern Age. The slave trade and slavery almost always walked hand in hand. The slave trade emerges in the sixteenth century, when the needs of grub and exploitation of the American land started, coupled with the lack of skills and inability of the Native Americans. This triggered the need to start importing African labour, which intensified particularly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, extending it into the nineteenth century. It was only in this last century that the first rules of international law were formed, aimed at suppressing the slave trade. In the twentieth century, we have witnessed the growth of the welfare state in most developed countries, and England has been the paradigm of this movement. The global village in which man lives; Portugal was subjected to this movement, whose imagination was associated with the idea of homeland to the myth of possession of an overseas empire whose extension and wealth was beyond its limitations within the context of a small nation in the European Civilization. The universalism of the fundamentals of European civilization, taken to the nineteenth century as unquestionable, and the idea of the civilizing their colonies, both from a religious and secular point of view, was no longer shared by the main colonial interests of the twentieth century. Portugal, hesitantly, even with isolated actions, slowly began to register within itself signs of a social state, which began with the abolition of the slave trade and slavery. Nevertheless, in the age of indignation, there was still abuse made possible by signed contracts. Despite being legally prohibited, the Portuguese colonizers used to exercise excessive corrective force upon the indigenous people simply because they were seen as wild animals, agricultural machines, without any rights or privileges. The underlying mission of the Portuguese civilization programs in Africa was to shape the body and soul of the native people to naturally embrace exploitation. Whilst Portugal witnessed outside accusations cantered on the Portuguese indigenous colonial labour model, the administration was considered ineffective and corrupt, without any change, no pause, no hope, but at the same time, the evidence of an intense rush of laws, the Peace Conference held in 1919 at the Palace of Versailles led to the ILO. With the constitution of the ILO created there was born the International Labour Law, in order to sustain and develop the national rights of labour that without their support would have died in its mission to protect employees within the context of that time. Despite all the pressure, despite being a member of the ILO, Portugal continued to practice much akin to slavery until just before Mozambique's independence. The way Portugal will deal with the vast numbers of ILO standards, as formally accepts, as timidly receives, as it rejects, in Mozambique, becomes the first epicenter of our work. The new Mozambican state, born with the collapse of Portuguese colonialism, became a member of the ILO in 1976. The second Republic of Mozambique, which rises to break the Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, of 1975, continues with its obligations under the ILO Constitution, until then, Mozambique has ratified eighteen conventions, of which eight are considered by ILO as fundamentals. Enumerating ten major themes ILO - Duration and termination of service rendered, work compensation, protection, safety and hygiene at the work place, paid annual leave, social security, special conditions of work (special rights for working women, the work of minors and people with disabilities); collective bargaining and strike, unions and workers associations and employers, labour inspection, service organization of employment and labour justice; traverse the Convention and other ILO action, asking if whether Mozambique ratified, if simply adopted its content or rejected, meantime whilst using the discipline of logic, we looked to demonstrate how, with those, the ILO exerted influence on the Constitutions, other labour legislation and social and labour programs of an independent Mozambique. In this relationship between Mozambique and the ILO we distinguish two periods - the first, of Employment Law Colonial and second, the post-independence labour law, given that the latter is, in turn, cut into three sub periods, the first constitution of the Republic and the first Labour Law, the second Constitution and the second Labour Law, and to close the third Constitution and the Third Law of Labour.
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spelling Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique(desde 1919 à Constituição da República de Moçambique de 2004 e à Lei nº 23/2007, de 1 de Agosto)Direito colonial internacionalDireito do trabalho colonialDireito do trabalho pós-independênciaMoçambiqueOrganização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT)DireitoSlavery formed the soul of the economic system of the ancient world. It began in Europe during the Modern Age. The slave trade and slavery almost always walked hand in hand. The slave trade emerges in the sixteenth century, when the needs of grub and exploitation of the American land started, coupled with the lack of skills and inability of the Native Americans. This triggered the need to start importing African labour, which intensified particularly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, extending it into the nineteenth century. It was only in this last century that the first rules of international law were formed, aimed at suppressing the slave trade. In the twentieth century, we have witnessed the growth of the welfare state in most developed countries, and England has been the paradigm of this movement. The global village in which man lives; Portugal was subjected to this movement, whose imagination was associated with the idea of homeland to the myth of possession of an overseas empire whose extension and wealth was beyond its limitations within the context of a small nation in the European Civilization. The universalism of the fundamentals of European civilization, taken to the nineteenth century as unquestionable, and the idea of the civilizing their colonies, both from a religious and secular point of view, was no longer shared by the main colonial interests of the twentieth century. Portugal, hesitantly, even with isolated actions, slowly began to register within itself signs of a social state, which began with the abolition of the slave trade and slavery. Nevertheless, in the age of indignation, there was still abuse made possible by signed contracts. Despite being legally prohibited, the Portuguese colonizers used to exercise excessive corrective force upon the indigenous people simply because they were seen as wild animals, agricultural machines, without any rights or privileges. The underlying mission of the Portuguese civilization programs in Africa was to shape the body and soul of the native people to naturally embrace exploitation. Whilst Portugal witnessed outside accusations cantered on the Portuguese indigenous colonial labour model, the administration was considered ineffective and corrupt, without any change, no pause, no hope, but at the same time, the evidence of an intense rush of laws, the Peace Conference held in 1919 at the Palace of Versailles led to the ILO. With the constitution of the ILO created there was born the International Labour Law, in order to sustain and develop the national rights of labour that without their support would have died in its mission to protect employees within the context of that time. Despite all the pressure, despite being a member of the ILO, Portugal continued to practice much akin to slavery until just before Mozambique's independence. The way Portugal will deal with the vast numbers of ILO standards, as formally accepts, as timidly receives, as it rejects, in Mozambique, becomes the first epicenter of our work. The new Mozambican state, born with the collapse of Portuguese colonialism, became a member of the ILO in 1976. The second Republic of Mozambique, which rises to break the Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, of 1975, continues with its obligations under the ILO Constitution, until then, Mozambique has ratified eighteen conventions, of which eight are considered by ILO as fundamentals. Enumerating ten major themes ILO - Duration and termination of service rendered, work compensation, protection, safety and hygiene at the work place, paid annual leave, social security, special conditions of work (special rights for working women, the work of minors and people with disabilities); collective bargaining and strike, unions and workers associations and employers, labour inspection, service organization of employment and labour justice; traverse the Convention and other ILO action, asking if whether Mozambique ratified, if simply adopted its content or rejected, meantime whilst using the discipline of logic, we looked to demonstrate how, with those, the ILO exerted influence on the Constitutions, other labour legislation and social and labour programs of an independent Mozambique. In this relationship between Mozambique and the ILO we distinguish two periods - the first, of Employment Law Colonial and second, the post-independence labour law, given that the latter is, in turn, cut into three sub periods, the first constitution of the Republic and the first Labour Law, the second Constitution and the second Labour Law, and to close the third Constitution and the Third Law of Labour.A escravatura formava a armadura do sistema económico do mundo antigo. E começou na Europa durante a Idade Moderna. O tráfico de escravos e a escravatura andaram quase sempre de mãos dadas. O tráfico de escravos surge no século XVI, quando as necessidades de desbravamento e exploração de terras americanas, aliadas à insuficiência e inaptidão dos indígenas da América forçaram a recorrer à importação da mão-de-obra africana, que se intensificou particularmente nos séculos XVII e XVIII e prolongando-se pelo século XIX. Foi neste último século que se constituíram as primeiras normas do Direito Internacional, tendentes a reprimir o tráfico escravagista. No século XX, assiste-se ao crescimento do Estado Social nos países mais desenvolvidos, tendose a Inglaterra como o paradigma deste movimento. A aldeia global em que o Homem vive, sujeitou Portugal a este movimento, cujo imaginário se associava à ideia de pátria umbilicalmente ligada ao mito da posse de um império ultramarino cuja extensão e riqueza compensariam as limitações de um pequeno país com um peso insignificante no espaço civilizacional europeu. O universalismo dos fundamentos da civilização europeia, tomado até ao século XIX como inquestionável, e a ideia de missão civilizadora, tanto na sua vertente religiosa como secular, já não era partilhado pelos principais interesses coloniais no século XX com o mesmo vigor do século anterior. Portugal, titubeantemente, mesmo que em acções díspares e de forma lenta, começa a registar dentro de si os traços da marcha de um novo Estado social, que começa com a abolição do tráfico de escravos e de escravatura. Ainda assim, na era do indigenato, assiste-se a abusos facilitados pelo trabalho contratado. Apesar de ser uma prática legalmente proibida, o colono português presenteava o indígena com exagerados correctivos na medida em que para o primeiro este seria um mero animal de carga, pura máquina agrícola, sem direitos nem regalias. A verdadeira missão dos programas civilizadores portugueses em África era a de criar condições para educar os corpos e as almas nativas para o trabalho. Enquanto Portugal vivia, desde finais do século XIX até à entrada do século XX, acusações externas centradas no modelo de trabalho indígena nas colónias portuguesas e a sua administração era considerada ineficaz e corrupta, sem nenhuma mudança, nenhuma pausa, nenhuma esperança, mas, simultaneamente, evidenciava uma intensa torrente legislativa, a Conferência da Paz realizada em 1919, no Palácio de Versalhes, deu origem à OIT. Com a constituição da OIT aí criada, nasceu o Direito Internacional do Trabalho, com o objectivo de sustentar e desenvolver os direitos nacionais do trabalho, que sem o seu apoio teriam sucumbido na sua missão de protecção ao trabalhador diante do cenário daquela época. Apesar de toda a pressão, apesar de ser membro da OIT, Portugal continuou com práticas muito próximas da escravatura até pouco antes da independência de Moçambique. O modo como Portugal vai lidar com o acervo de normas da OIT, como o aceita formalmente, como o recebe timidamente, como o rejeita, em Moçambique, é o primeiro epicentro do nosso trabalho. O novo Estado moçambicano, nascido com a queda do colonialismo Português, torna-se membro da OIT desde 1976. A segunda República de Moçambique, que nasce da ruptura da Constituição da República Popular de Moçambique de 1975, prossegue com as obrigações decorrentes da Constituição da OIT; até então, Moçambique já ratificou dezoito convenções, sendo de destacar oito delas tidas pela OIT como fundamentais. Ainda assim, muitos desafios se colocam pela frente ao Estado moçambicano. Muitos avanços foram feitos no domínio do Direito do Trabalho, mas a imagem de uma nação formalmente legal e praticamente desconforme com o Direito do Trabalho geral são visíveis em alguns dos domínios fundamentais deste ramo de direito privado especial. Elencando dez grandes temas da OIT – Duração e interrupção da prestação do trabalho; remuneração do trabalho; segurança e saúde no trabalho; férias anuais pagas; segurança social; condições particulares de trabalho (direitos especiais da mulher trabalhadora, do trabalho dos menores e das pessoas portadoras de deficiência); sindicatos e associações de trabalhadores e de empregadores; negociação colectiva e greve; Inspecção do Trabalho; organização do serviço de emprego e justiça laboral –, percorremos as Convenções e outras formas de acção da OIT, indagando se Moçambique as ratificou, se simplesmente adoptou o seu conteúdo ou as rejeitou, ao mesmo tempo que, usando da disciplina de lógica, procuramos demonstrar como, com aquelas, a OIT exerceu influência sobre as Constituições, demais legislação de trabalho e programas sócio laborais de Moçambique independente. Este é o segundo foco do nosso trabalho. Nesta relação entre Moçambique e a OIT recortam-se dois períodos – o primeiro, do Direito do Trabalho Colonial e o segundo, do Direito do Trabalho pós independência, sendo certo que este último é, por sua vez, recortado em três subperíodos, o da primeira Constituição da República e da primeira Lei do Trabalho, o da segunda Constituição e da Segunda Lei do Trabalho e, para fechar, o da terceira Constituição e da terceira Lei do Trabalho.Silva, Ana Cristina Nogueira daAmado, João LealRUNBaltazar, Pedro Maciel2017-01-19T11:34:07Z2016-092016-09-01T00:00:00Zdoctoral thesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/19836TID:101375972porinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-05-22T17:24:26Zoai:run.unl.pt:10362/19836Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openairemluisa.alvim@gmail.comopendoar:71602024-05-22T17:24:26Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
(desde 1919 à Constituição da República de Moçambique de 2004 e à Lei nº 23/2007, de 1 de Agosto)
title Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
spellingShingle Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
Baltazar, Pedro Maciel
Direito colonial internacional
Direito do trabalho colonial
Direito do trabalho pós-independência
Moçambique
Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT)
Direito
title_short Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
title_full Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
title_fullStr Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
title_full_unstemmed Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
title_sort Influência da OIT no direito do trabalho em Moçambique
author Baltazar, Pedro Maciel
author_facet Baltazar, Pedro Maciel
author_role author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Silva, Ana Cristina Nogueira da
Amado, João Leal
RUN
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Baltazar, Pedro Maciel
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Direito colonial internacional
Direito do trabalho colonial
Direito do trabalho pós-independência
Moçambique
Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT)
Direito
topic Direito colonial internacional
Direito do trabalho colonial
Direito do trabalho pós-independência
Moçambique
Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT)
Direito
description Slavery formed the soul of the economic system of the ancient world. It began in Europe during the Modern Age. The slave trade and slavery almost always walked hand in hand. The slave trade emerges in the sixteenth century, when the needs of grub and exploitation of the American land started, coupled with the lack of skills and inability of the Native Americans. This triggered the need to start importing African labour, which intensified particularly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, extending it into the nineteenth century. It was only in this last century that the first rules of international law were formed, aimed at suppressing the slave trade. In the twentieth century, we have witnessed the growth of the welfare state in most developed countries, and England has been the paradigm of this movement. The global village in which man lives; Portugal was subjected to this movement, whose imagination was associated with the idea of homeland to the myth of possession of an overseas empire whose extension and wealth was beyond its limitations within the context of a small nation in the European Civilization. The universalism of the fundamentals of European civilization, taken to the nineteenth century as unquestionable, and the idea of the civilizing their colonies, both from a religious and secular point of view, was no longer shared by the main colonial interests of the twentieth century. Portugal, hesitantly, even with isolated actions, slowly began to register within itself signs of a social state, which began with the abolition of the slave trade and slavery. Nevertheless, in the age of indignation, there was still abuse made possible by signed contracts. Despite being legally prohibited, the Portuguese colonizers used to exercise excessive corrective force upon the indigenous people simply because they were seen as wild animals, agricultural machines, without any rights or privileges. The underlying mission of the Portuguese civilization programs in Africa was to shape the body and soul of the native people to naturally embrace exploitation. Whilst Portugal witnessed outside accusations cantered on the Portuguese indigenous colonial labour model, the administration was considered ineffective and corrupt, without any change, no pause, no hope, but at the same time, the evidence of an intense rush of laws, the Peace Conference held in 1919 at the Palace of Versailles led to the ILO. With the constitution of the ILO created there was born the International Labour Law, in order to sustain and develop the national rights of labour that without their support would have died in its mission to protect employees within the context of that time. Despite all the pressure, despite being a member of the ILO, Portugal continued to practice much akin to slavery until just before Mozambique's independence. The way Portugal will deal with the vast numbers of ILO standards, as formally accepts, as timidly receives, as it rejects, in Mozambique, becomes the first epicenter of our work. The new Mozambican state, born with the collapse of Portuguese colonialism, became a member of the ILO in 1976. The second Republic of Mozambique, which rises to break the Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, of 1975, continues with its obligations under the ILO Constitution, until then, Mozambique has ratified eighteen conventions, of which eight are considered by ILO as fundamentals. Enumerating ten major themes ILO - Duration and termination of service rendered, work compensation, protection, safety and hygiene at the work place, paid annual leave, social security, special conditions of work (special rights for working women, the work of minors and people with disabilities); collective bargaining and strike, unions and workers associations and employers, labour inspection, service organization of employment and labour justice; traverse the Convention and other ILO action, asking if whether Mozambique ratified, if simply adopted its content or rejected, meantime whilst using the discipline of logic, we looked to demonstrate how, with those, the ILO exerted influence on the Constitutions, other labour legislation and social and labour programs of an independent Mozambique. In this relationship between Mozambique and the ILO we distinguish two periods - the first, of Employment Law Colonial and second, the post-independence labour law, given that the latter is, in turn, cut into three sub periods, the first constitution of the Republic and the first Labour Law, the second Constitution and the second Labour Law, and to close the third Constitution and the Third Law of Labour.
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