A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2015 |
Tipo de documento: | Dissertação |
Idioma: | por |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/18055 |
Resumo: | Theoretical Background: Healthy older adults tend to perform worse than younger people in certain cognitive tasks. However, there is some inter-individual variability when it comes to cognitive decline with age. The Cognitive Reserve (CR) model holds that differences in cognitive processing and neural compensation mechanisms mean that some people can deal better with cognitive aging than others. Education, professional occupation and leisure activities are believed to contribute towards CR. CR is related to a better cognitive performance. The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) is a new instrument for measuring CR accumulated throughout an individual’s lifespan. This study aimed to explore the relationship between CR and the cognitive mechanisms of aging in older adults and to determine whether the CRIq is an adequate measure of CR. Method: A convenience sample of 39 cognitively healthy, 65-86 year old individuals, with no relevant history of psychiatric or neurologic disease, took part in this cross-sectional study. Each subject completed the Digit-Symbol substitution test, the backwards Digit Span and the Stroop test. A brief clinical interview was also carried out. Pearson correlation coefficient test and linear regressions were used. Results: Age only correlated (negatively) with Digit-Symbol scores. The Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) showed a positive correlation with Digit-Symbol and backwards Digit Span scores but not with the Stroop Interference Index. A multiple linear regression showed that the IRC, but not education, was able to predict subjects’ performance in processing speed and working memory tasks. Discussion: Conceptually, the CRIq seems to be a useful tool to assess CR in an objective manner, gathering information relative to an individual’s lifespan, as opposed to other tools that only consider current lifestyles. Furthermore, the CRI allows for comparisons between different ages. We believe its validation in Portugal would be an important contribution towards making the assessment of CR more systematic. However, its relevance in clinical settings should be further explored and discussed since its administration requires a considerable amount of time and effort for the examinee. Moreover, we found that aging is not necessarily accompanied by a decline in cognitive function. CR as measured by the CRIq seems to have a protective effect that cannot be explained by education alone, for which reason we conclude that other factors such as professional occupation and participation in leisure activities seem to contribute towards explaining differences in cognitive performance. These results reinforce the need to consider other factors besides education when promoting active aging. |
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A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normalCognitive reserveCognitive agingCRIqEducationReserva cognitivaEnvelhecimento cognitivoEducaçãoDomínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da SaúdeTheoretical Background: Healthy older adults tend to perform worse than younger people in certain cognitive tasks. However, there is some inter-individual variability when it comes to cognitive decline with age. The Cognitive Reserve (CR) model holds that differences in cognitive processing and neural compensation mechanisms mean that some people can deal better with cognitive aging than others. Education, professional occupation and leisure activities are believed to contribute towards CR. CR is related to a better cognitive performance. The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) is a new instrument for measuring CR accumulated throughout an individual’s lifespan. This study aimed to explore the relationship between CR and the cognitive mechanisms of aging in older adults and to determine whether the CRIq is an adequate measure of CR. Method: A convenience sample of 39 cognitively healthy, 65-86 year old individuals, with no relevant history of psychiatric or neurologic disease, took part in this cross-sectional study. Each subject completed the Digit-Symbol substitution test, the backwards Digit Span and the Stroop test. A brief clinical interview was also carried out. Pearson correlation coefficient test and linear regressions were used. Results: Age only correlated (negatively) with Digit-Symbol scores. The Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) showed a positive correlation with Digit-Symbol and backwards Digit Span scores but not with the Stroop Interference Index. A multiple linear regression showed that the IRC, but not education, was able to predict subjects’ performance in processing speed and working memory tasks. Discussion: Conceptually, the CRIq seems to be a useful tool to assess CR in an objective manner, gathering information relative to an individual’s lifespan, as opposed to other tools that only consider current lifestyles. Furthermore, the CRI allows for comparisons between different ages. We believe its validation in Portugal would be an important contribution towards making the assessment of CR more systematic. However, its relevance in clinical settings should be further explored and discussed since its administration requires a considerable amount of time and effort for the examinee. Moreover, we found that aging is not necessarily accompanied by a decline in cognitive function. CR as measured by the CRIq seems to have a protective effect that cannot be explained by education alone, for which reason we conclude that other factors such as professional occupation and participation in leisure activities seem to contribute towards explaining differences in cognitive performance. These results reinforce the need to consider other factors besides education when promoting active aging.Enquadramento Teórico: Os idosos tendem a manifestar mais dificuldades do que os jovens numa série de tarefas cognitivas. No entanto, nem todos os indivíduos experienciam o declínio cognitivo decorrente do envelhecimento da mesma forma. O modelo de Reserva Cognitiva (RC) postula que diferenças individuais ao nível do processamento cognitivo e da capacidade de restruturação da atividade neural levam a que algumas pessoas consigam lidar melhor com o processo de senescência do que outras. O Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) propõe-se a avaliar a RC de forma objectiva, contemplando três dos fatores mais frequentemente utilizados na operacionalização desta variável (nível de escolaridade, nível ocupacional e atividades de tempo livre). Pretendeu-se estudar a contribuição do CRIq para a avaliação da RC e explorar a relação entre a RC e os mecanismos cognitivos do envelhecimento. Metodologia: A amostra de conveniência deste estudo transversal foi composta por 39 participantes cognitivamente saudáveis, com idades compreendidas entre os 65 e os 86 anos e sem antecedentes pessoais relevantes. Após uma entrevista clínica breve, aplicou-se o CRIq, o Digit-Symbol, o Digit Span Inverso e o Stroop. Realizaram-se testes ao coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e Regressões Lineares. Resultados: De todas as medidas cognitivas, a idade apenas se correlacionou (negativamente) com a pontuação do Digit-Symbol. O Índice de Reserva Cognitiva (IRC) apresentou uma correlação positiva com a pontuação do Digit-Symbol e do Digit Span inverso mas não com o Índice de Interferência do Stroop. Uma regressão linear múltipla permitiu constatar que o IRC permite predizer o desempenho ao nível da memória de trabalho e da velocidade de processamento mas a educação não. Discussão: O CRIq parece-nos ser um instrumento útil e válido para avaliar a RC de uma forma objetiva, permitindo recolher informação relativamente a grande parte do percurso de vida do indivíduo, ao contrário de outras medidas que apenas se focam no estilo de vida atual. Para além disso, o IRC permite-nos comparar a RC de indivíduos com idades diferentes. A sua validação para a nossa população seria muito relevante, acima de tudo para estandardizar a avaliação da RC no contexto da investigação. A sua aplicabilidade na prática clínica é mais duvidosa, sobretudo pelo tempo que a aplicação requer e pela exigência, ao nível da recordação, que envolve. O envelhecimento não é forçosamente acompanhado por um declínio cognitivo. A RC (avaliada pelo CRIq) parece ter um efeito protetor que não pode ser explicado pela educação, pelo que outros factores como a exigência da ocupação profissional e a participação em atividades de tempo livre parecem contribuir para explicar as diferenças de desempenho cognitivo. Os resultados do presente trabalho reforçam a importância de considerar outros factores para além da educação na promoção do envelhecimento ativo.Nunes, Maria VâniaFigueiredo, Maria AméliaVeritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica PortuguesaRebolo, Margarida Coimbra Gaspar Teles2015-07-22T13:29:10Z2015-06-0820152015-06-08T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/18055TID:201679710porinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2023-07-12T17:23:46Zoai:repositorio.ucp.pt:10400.14/18055Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T18:15:05.621871Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal |
title |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal |
spellingShingle |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal Rebolo, Margarida Coimbra Gaspar Teles Cognitive reserve Cognitive aging CRIq Education Reserva cognitiva Envelhecimento cognitivo Educação Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde |
title_short |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal |
title_full |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal |
title_fullStr |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal |
title_full_unstemmed |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal |
title_sort |
A relação entre a reserva cognitiva e o estado cognitivo no envelhecimento normal |
author |
Rebolo, Margarida Coimbra Gaspar Teles |
author_facet |
Rebolo, Margarida Coimbra Gaspar Teles |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Nunes, Maria Vânia Figueiredo, Maria Amélia Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Rebolo, Margarida Coimbra Gaspar Teles |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Cognitive reserve Cognitive aging CRIq Education Reserva cognitiva Envelhecimento cognitivo Educação Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde |
topic |
Cognitive reserve Cognitive aging CRIq Education Reserva cognitiva Envelhecimento cognitivo Educação Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde |
description |
Theoretical Background: Healthy older adults tend to perform worse than younger people in certain cognitive tasks. However, there is some inter-individual variability when it comes to cognitive decline with age. The Cognitive Reserve (CR) model holds that differences in cognitive processing and neural compensation mechanisms mean that some people can deal better with cognitive aging than others. Education, professional occupation and leisure activities are believed to contribute towards CR. CR is related to a better cognitive performance. The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) is a new instrument for measuring CR accumulated throughout an individual’s lifespan. This study aimed to explore the relationship between CR and the cognitive mechanisms of aging in older adults and to determine whether the CRIq is an adequate measure of CR. Method: A convenience sample of 39 cognitively healthy, 65-86 year old individuals, with no relevant history of psychiatric or neurologic disease, took part in this cross-sectional study. Each subject completed the Digit-Symbol substitution test, the backwards Digit Span and the Stroop test. A brief clinical interview was also carried out. Pearson correlation coefficient test and linear regressions were used. Results: Age only correlated (negatively) with Digit-Symbol scores. The Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) showed a positive correlation with Digit-Symbol and backwards Digit Span scores but not with the Stroop Interference Index. A multiple linear regression showed that the IRC, but not education, was able to predict subjects’ performance in processing speed and working memory tasks. Discussion: Conceptually, the CRIq seems to be a useful tool to assess CR in an objective manner, gathering information relative to an individual’s lifespan, as opposed to other tools that only consider current lifestyles. Furthermore, the CRI allows for comparisons between different ages. We believe its validation in Portugal would be an important contribution towards making the assessment of CR more systematic. However, its relevance in clinical settings should be further explored and discussed since its administration requires a considerable amount of time and effort for the examinee. Moreover, we found that aging is not necessarily accompanied by a decline in cognitive function. CR as measured by the CRIq seems to have a protective effect that cannot be explained by education alone, for which reason we conclude that other factors such as professional occupation and participation in leisure activities seem to contribute towards explaining differences in cognitive performance. These results reinforce the need to consider other factors besides education when promoting active aging. |
publishDate |
2015 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2015-07-22T13:29:10Z 2015-06-08 2015 2015-06-08T00:00:00Z |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
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masterThesis |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/18055 TID:201679710 |
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