Mineração em terras indígenas: autodeterminação dos povos, princípio da harmonia com a natureza e interpretação constitucional

• Autor(a) principal: Cabral, Marcelo Budal
• Data de Publicação: 2023
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UFG
• Texto Completo: http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/12955
• topic: Bem viver; Pachamama; Transição ecológica; Direito agrário biocêntrico e ecocêntrico; Direitos da natureza; Biocentric and ecocentric agrarian law; The rights of nature; Buen vivir; Pachamama; Ecological transition; CIENCIAS HUMANAS

Unlimited economic growth, with disregard for planetary limits, is a project without a future (without Nature there is no life). From the interpretation established by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (I/A Court H.R) expressed in the Advisory Opinion 23/2017, recognizing (i) the interrelationship between human rights and the environment and (ii) the autonomy of the right to a healthy environment (autonomous law, which prescribes the duty of protection to all beings of Nature as legal interests in themselves, regardless of affecting any human right), understanding ratified in the contentious case of the Lhaka Honhat Indigenous Communities versus Argentina, there is a new paradigm under construction, which requires re-readings and resignifications of all legal provisions (evolutionary interpretation), including the Federal Constitution (constitutional mutation). Rights of Nature mark an ecological transition in law, a transition of paradigms that imposes the duty to act in accordance with the principle of harmony with Nature. It is the abandonment of anthropocentrisms (classic and mitigated) towards biocentrism/ecocentrism, which recognize to Nature and beings of Nature the ownership of rights, breaking with the dualism between humanity and Nature, not admitting its split. As a consequence, alternatives to development are needed, which, in practice, are implemented with a transition regime (agroecological, energy and a circular economy). Thus, although contemporary (complex) societies and (cultural/social) life as we know it are dependent on mining, respect for ecological cycles determines limits to this activity. There is also the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples (the right of a people to exist as such, a right of existence or coexistence, that is, the opposite of acculturation and assimilation). Mining on indigenous lands cannot continue without respect for the will - selfdetermination - of indigenous peoples and without respect for the rights of Nature (new rights holder, also called to demonstrate). The central problem is: in a normative system that ensures the right to selfdetermination of indigenous peoples and the rights of Nature, is mining allowed? The hypothesis is that for places where mining already exists, a transitional regime must be ensured. For the places where life in harmony with Nature already exists, it is not a case of transition, but of protection, to allow its continuity/ existence. The objective is to investigate the possibility of mining in indigenous territories, considering the right to self-determination of affected peoples and the rights of Nature (recognized its application in Brazil, from a re-signification of the Constitution - including the entire block of constitutionality and precedents of the I/A Court H.R – supported by the biocentric/ecocentric paradigm). The chapters of the research deal with the right to self-determination, the rights of Nature and the duty of transition. The research methodology consists of an interdisciplinary literature review on the subject, documentary analysis (case analysis), hermeneutic approach to the doctrine, the precedents of the I/A Court H.R and other Courts, and comparative constitutional analysis about the rights of Nature. It is a bibliographical, documentary and comparative constitutional analysis, with a hermeneutic approach. The theoretical framework is divided into several parts (according to the chapters), having as main references Germana de Oliveira Moraes (harmony with Nature) and HansGeorg Gadamer (hermeneutics). Finally, on the possibility of realization of the rights of Nature, the method is the hypothetical-deductive.