Avaliação técnica, de custos e ambiental de dois modelos de harvester na colheita florestal

• Autor(a) principal: Paula, Elizabeth Neire da Silva Oliveira de
• Data de Publicação: 2011
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/559
• topic: Corte florestal; Economia florestal; Impacto ambiental; Forest harvest; Forest economy; Environmental impact; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL::MANEJO FLORESTAL

A growing worldwide demand for lumber, together with favorable edaphoclimatic aspects contribute to make Brazil a primary player on the world stage, which increases the influence of the country when making decisions regarding the forestry sector. Harvest represents the final operating of a forest production cycle, in which products are obtained with higher added value, constituting one of the factors that determine the profitability of forests and is considered an extremely important activity. Moreover, it is a highly complex activity, which is influenced by several factors that directly interfere on the form in which operations are executed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to conduct the evaluation of two harvester models for collecting eucalyptus wood, with regard to technical aspects, cost and environmental concerns. The study evaluated the operation of eucalyptus cutting, including the activities of felling and processing of 6 year old trees, the short log system with cutting of logs in 6 m lengths using two harvester models considering the characteristics related to forest type, cost, efficiency, operability and environmental aspects in areas located in northern Espírito Santo and southern Bahia, specifically in the municipalities of Conceição Barra ES and Caravelas BA. Two harvester models were evaluated, Komatsu PC-228 SHO and PC-200 LC, with forestry setup, crawler treads and equipped with the Tier III motor. Information referring to the evaluated characteristics of mechanized forestry harvest was collected over a period of six months from March to August 2010. For technical and economic evaluation, the sampling method used was census (100% sampling) for the study period (March to August 2010). In the technical evaluation, yield, mechanical availability, degree of utilization, operational efficiency and realization of the study of times and movements were determined. Operating costs of the two harvesters were calculated by the accounting method for evaluation of costs, which utilizes estimated values in real. Also performed was a sensitivity analysis of costs for the elements that contribute most to the final cost. The environmental assessment was unique for the two harvester models using a quali-quantitative matrix method of environmental impacts. Assessment of the impacts included the physical, biotic and anthropic environments, using the description of the significant environmental impacts and considering Brazilian legislation. During the technical evaluation it was observed that the average productivity in the study period was 18.57 m³/hr for the PC 200 and 19.88 m³/hour for the PC 228. The greatest mechanical availability was observed for the PC 200, with an average of 91.09% while the average observed for the PC 228 was 80.47% and the operating efficiency of the PC 200 was also found to be considerably higher than the PC 228. During the study of times and movements it was observed that the average processing time was 10.41 seconds per tree for the PC 200 and 14.90 seconds for the PC 228. Comparing the two models it was observed that the PC 200 was superior to the PC 228 in all parameters, except yield (m³/hour). In the economic evaluation it was found the operating costs of the PC 200 and PC 228 models were R$ 156.95 and R$ 168.84 per effective hour, respectively. In respect to total operating costs, the most significant costs were: fuel, maintenance, and repairs and depreciation, accounting for 24.41%, 22.39% and 19.08% respectively. In the sensitivity analysis, simulating a situation in which the company obtains an economy of 10% in each of these items may result in a reduction in production costs by 7% for both evaluated machines. In relation to environmental impacts 14 were identified, where a greater number of negative (11) than positive (3) environmental impacts have been observed. The three environmental compartments presented similar results for the number of related impacts, being 5 in the physical environment, 5 in the biotic environment and 4 in the anthropic environment. It was techno-economically concluded that the PC 200 possesses significant advantages over the PC 228 to carry out forest work. Environmentally, it was determined that cutting with the forest harvester is striking for all environments considered: physical, biotic and anthropic.