Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomes
Data de Publicação: 2009
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1711
Resumo: This study evaluated the use of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products for feeding to cattle and was conducted in five experiments. In experiment I, 57 agricultural and agro-industrial by-products collected from different regions of Brazil were used to determine the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in order to group the products with similar nutritional characteristics. In the first cluster, by-products belonging to Group 1 (G1) showed lower IVNDFD, lower than the TDN content, with values of 42.5% and 38.8% respectively. A new grouping was performed using the following variables discriminatory: available crude protein (ACP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber free to ash and nitrogen compounds (NDFap), lignin (LIG), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), IVNDFD and TDN. In order to better characterize the by-products of G2, six subgroups (SG) were established (SG1 to SG6). The by- products of SG1 had the highest and lowest values of LIG (13.1% in DM) and TDN (54.5%), respectively. The by- products of SG2 had the highest value of NDFap (49.7% in DM), with values of NDT and IVNDFD greater than 60 and 70% respectively, and CP less than 20% of DM. Among all subgroups, those of SG3 had the highest values of TDN (77.2%) and IVNDFD (93.4%) and the lowest value of LIG (2.3% in DM). Amongst the discriminatory variables analyzed, the EE most influence in hierarchical establishing clustering in SG4 (19.0% of DM in EE). The SG5 by-products had the highest concentration of NFC (70.7% in DM). Different from the other subgroups, the SG6 by products had the highest value of ACP (16.5% in DM). The by-products belonging to the G1 have specific limitations for use in animal feeding, SG1 by-products should be, preferably, used as a partial roughage substitutes, that SG2, SG3, SG4 and SG5 byproducts should be used as a partial concentrated energy substitutes and SG6 byproducts should be used as partial protein concentrates substitutes. In experiment II aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of the source (pineapple, guava, papaya, mango and passion fruit) and the level (10 and 30%) of by-products of fruit in natura, in the diet of cattle, replacing part of corn silage on intake and total digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein production and the nitrogen balance, in addition to the prediction of digestible fractions and total digestible nutrients of these products. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the remaining isonitrogenous diets. The intakes of dry matter (DM) (kg / day), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and the digestibility of CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and ether extract (EE) were affected (P <0.05) by the source of the by-product. There was an effect (P <0.05) for the level of inclusion of products in the digestibility of CP and EE. The byproducts of papaya, mango and pineapple showed energy 23.1, 18.0 and 7.1% respectively, higher than the corn silage. The source of the by-product influenced (P <0.05) in urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and microbial nitrogen, in addition to the intake (g/day), the excretion in feces and urine (g/day) of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen balance (g/day). The level of inclusion of the by-product in the diet affect (P <0.05) the urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and microbial nitrogen. The by-products of pineapple without crown, papaya and mango are higher than the energy value of corn silage and can partially replace energy concentrates in the diets of ruminants, with no damage on the intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and nitrogen retention. The by- product of passion has the potential to partial roughage substitutes in the diets of ruminants, provided that observed levels of EE. The by-product of guava has limitations for use in diets of ruminants. In experiment III aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of the source (cocoa, shell cassava, stalk cassava and corn gluten feed) and level (10 and 30%) of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products, diet, replacing part of corn silage on the intake and total digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein production and the nitrogen balance, in addition to the prediction of digestible fractions and total digestible nutrients of these by-products. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the remaining isonitrogenous diets. The intakes of dry matter (DM) (in g/kg PV g/kg PV0, 75) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (in g/kg PV) were affected (P <0.05) by source of by- product. The source of by-product affect (P <0.05) the digestibility of ether extract (EE) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (CNF). The by-product corn gluten feed showed energy 17% higher than the corn silage, while shell cassava, cocoa and stalk cassava showed energy 10, 19 and 38% lower than the observed value for corn silage. The source and the level of by-product did not affect the urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed, microbial nitrogen and microbial efficiency. The source of the affected product (P <0.05) at intake (g/kg PV0, 75), the excretion in feces (g/kg PV0, 75) and urine (g/kg PV0,75, g/day) of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen balance (g/kg DMI). The corn gluten meal and cassava peel are products with the potential to replace, in part, the concentrated energy, without damage on the intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and nitrogen retention. The byproduct of cassava stem has the potential to partial roughage substitutes in the diets of ruminants. The by-product of cocoa has limitations for use in diets of ruminants. In experiment VI aimed to assess the accuracy of the equations adopted by the NRC and Detmann, to estimate the energy content of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. We evaluated the by-products of pineapple, cocoa, palm oil, beans, sunflower, guava, cassava bark, cassava stem, raw cassava, papaya, mango, passion fruit, turnip and corn gluten meal. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the diets with two levels of each product, remained isonitrogenous. Among the models for prediction of digestible crude protein (CPad), the model presented Detmann 2 difference (P <0.05) by the test of null hypothesis for joint, while estimates by the models and NRC Detmann 1 were similar to those obtained by the observations in vivo (P>0.05). For digestible ether extract (EEad), non-fibrous carbohydrates digestible (NFCad) and neutral detergent fiber digestible (NDFd) observed that the model proposed by the NRC, differed (P <0.05), the significance test of the hypothesis of invalidity joint, with better adjustment to the model suggested by Detmann, with the result, the value P>0.05. However, among all the digestible fractions, the NDFd, presented the greater dispersion of points on the line of equal. The models of the NRC and Detmann may be effective in predicting total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE), poi estimates did not differ (P> 0.05) of observed values, but also showed great dispersion of points in the line of equal respect. It is recommended to use the models proposed by Detmann to predict the digestible fractions of CP, EE and NFC in agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. There is a need for more research to develop more appropriate models to estimate the digestible fraction of NDF, as this was the main limitation for precise and accurate estimates of the energy value of agricultural and agroindustrial by- products. In experiment V aimed to evaluate the kinetics of degradation in situ, the kinetics of gas production in vitro and predicting the digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFd) from the time of incubation, the parameters of kinetics of degradation in situ and in vitro, and adjusted equations for agricultural and agribusiness by- products. We evaluated the products of pineapple, cocoa, palm oil, corn gluten feed, beans, sunflower seeds, guava, cassava peel, cassava stem, raw cassava, papaya, mango, passion fruit and turnip. There were differences (P <0.05) between products in potentially degradable fraction (B) of the NDF and the rate of degradation of NDF in situ and in the final volume of gases generated by fibrous carbohydrates (VFCF). There were differences (P <0.05) between by-products for the period of latency and the fractional rate of degradation of CF in vitro. There equivalence (P> 0.05) between the values predicted in situ and observed in vivo in NDFd, however, there is little precision of estimates. The degradation in the time of incubation in vitro, 30 and 48 hours were equivalent to the observed values, but showed no accuracy in the estimation. The adjusted equations without lignin were not precise and accurate to estimate NDFd of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. The equation with lignin and rate of digestion obtained by in vitro method showed more accurate estimates. The by-products beans, cassava and papaya peel have a higher availability of the NDF, while the guava is to lower availability of the NDF. The digestible fraction of NDF can be predicted by in vitro digestibility of NDF at 30 or 48 hours of incubation and the degradation of NDF obtained in situ for 24, 48 or 72 hours of incubation. However, the prediction seems to be best achieved by the time of incubation in situ for 72 hours. The equation set using the rates of digestion in vitro or in situ, can predict the availability of the NDF of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products.
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spelling Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomeshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4737784T8Detmann, Edeniohttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4760013T1Valadares, Rilene Ferreira Dinizhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787025E4Valadares Filho, Sebastião de Camposhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787028J6Paulino, Mário Fonsecahttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787752E3Pereira, Luiz Gustavo Ribeirohttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4708057P92015-03-26T12:54:26Z2009-06-102015-03-26T12:54:26Z2009-02-10AZEVÊDO, José Augusto Gomes. Evaluation of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for feed for cattle. 2009. 154 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2009.http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1711This study evaluated the use of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products for feeding to cattle and was conducted in five experiments. In experiment I, 57 agricultural and agro-industrial by-products collected from different regions of Brazil were used to determine the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in order to group the products with similar nutritional characteristics. In the first cluster, by-products belonging to Group 1 (G1) showed lower IVNDFD, lower than the TDN content, with values of 42.5% and 38.8% respectively. A new grouping was performed using the following variables discriminatory: available crude protein (ACP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber free to ash and nitrogen compounds (NDFap), lignin (LIG), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), IVNDFD and TDN. In order to better characterize the by-products of G2, six subgroups (SG) were established (SG1 to SG6). The by- products of SG1 had the highest and lowest values of LIG (13.1% in DM) and TDN (54.5%), respectively. The by- products of SG2 had the highest value of NDFap (49.7% in DM), with values of NDT and IVNDFD greater than 60 and 70% respectively, and CP less than 20% of DM. Among all subgroups, those of SG3 had the highest values of TDN (77.2%) and IVNDFD (93.4%) and the lowest value of LIG (2.3% in DM). Amongst the discriminatory variables analyzed, the EE most influence in hierarchical establishing clustering in SG4 (19.0% of DM in EE). The SG5 by-products had the highest concentration of NFC (70.7% in DM). Different from the other subgroups, the SG6 by products had the highest value of ACP (16.5% in DM). The by-products belonging to the G1 have specific limitations for use in animal feeding, SG1 by-products should be, preferably, used as a partial roughage substitutes, that SG2, SG3, SG4 and SG5 byproducts should be used as a partial concentrated energy substitutes and SG6 byproducts should be used as partial protein concentrates substitutes. In experiment II aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of the source (pineapple, guava, papaya, mango and passion fruit) and the level (10 and 30%) of by-products of fruit in natura, in the diet of cattle, replacing part of corn silage on intake and total digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein production and the nitrogen balance, in addition to the prediction of digestible fractions and total digestible nutrients of these products. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the remaining isonitrogenous diets. The intakes of dry matter (DM) (kg / day), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and the digestibility of CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and ether extract (EE) were affected (P <0.05) by the source of the by-product. There was an effect (P <0.05) for the level of inclusion of products in the digestibility of CP and EE. The byproducts of papaya, mango and pineapple showed energy 23.1, 18.0 and 7.1% respectively, higher than the corn silage. The source of the by-product influenced (P <0.05) in urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and microbial nitrogen, in addition to the intake (g/day), the excretion in feces and urine (g/day) of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen balance (g/day). The level of inclusion of the by-product in the diet affect (P <0.05) the urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and microbial nitrogen. The by-products of pineapple without crown, papaya and mango are higher than the energy value of corn silage and can partially replace energy concentrates in the diets of ruminants, with no damage on the intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and nitrogen retention. The by- product of passion has the potential to partial roughage substitutes in the diets of ruminants, provided that observed levels of EE. The by-product of guava has limitations for use in diets of ruminants. In experiment III aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of the source (cocoa, shell cassava, stalk cassava and corn gluten feed) and level (10 and 30%) of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products, diet, replacing part of corn silage on the intake and total digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein production and the nitrogen balance, in addition to the prediction of digestible fractions and total digestible nutrients of these by-products. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the remaining isonitrogenous diets. The intakes of dry matter (DM) (in g/kg PV g/kg PV0, 75) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (in g/kg PV) were affected (P <0.05) by source of by- product. The source of by-product affect (P <0.05) the digestibility of ether extract (EE) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (CNF). The by-product corn gluten feed showed energy 17% higher than the corn silage, while shell cassava, cocoa and stalk cassava showed energy 10, 19 and 38% lower than the observed value for corn silage. The source and the level of by-product did not affect the urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed, microbial nitrogen and microbial efficiency. The source of the affected product (P <0.05) at intake (g/kg PV0, 75), the excretion in feces (g/kg PV0, 75) and urine (g/kg PV0,75, g/day) of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen balance (g/kg DMI). The corn gluten meal and cassava peel are products with the potential to replace, in part, the concentrated energy, without damage on the intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and nitrogen retention. The byproduct of cassava stem has the potential to partial roughage substitutes in the diets of ruminants. The by-product of cocoa has limitations for use in diets of ruminants. In experiment VI aimed to assess the accuracy of the equations adopted by the NRC and Detmann, to estimate the energy content of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. We evaluated the by-products of pineapple, cocoa, palm oil, beans, sunflower, guava, cassava bark, cassava stem, raw cassava, papaya, mango, passion fruit, turnip and corn gluten meal. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the diets with two levels of each product, remained isonitrogenous. Among the models for prediction of digestible crude protein (CPad), the model presented Detmann 2 difference (P <0.05) by the test of null hypothesis for joint, while estimates by the models and NRC Detmann 1 were similar to those obtained by the observations in vivo (P>0.05). For digestible ether extract (EEad), non-fibrous carbohydrates digestible (NFCad) and neutral detergent fiber digestible (NDFd) observed that the model proposed by the NRC, differed (P <0.05), the significance test of the hypothesis of invalidity joint, with better adjustment to the model suggested by Detmann, with the result, the value P>0.05. However, among all the digestible fractions, the NDFd, presented the greater dispersion of points on the line of equal. The models of the NRC and Detmann may be effective in predicting total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE), poi estimates did not differ (P> 0.05) of observed values, but also showed great dispersion of points in the line of equal respect. It is recommended to use the models proposed by Detmann to predict the digestible fractions of CP, EE and NFC in agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. There is a need for more research to develop more appropriate models to estimate the digestible fraction of NDF, as this was the main limitation for precise and accurate estimates of the energy value of agricultural and agroindustrial by- products. In experiment V aimed to evaluate the kinetics of degradation in situ, the kinetics of gas production in vitro and predicting the digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFd) from the time of incubation, the parameters of kinetics of degradation in situ and in vitro, and adjusted equations for agricultural and agribusiness by- products. We evaluated the products of pineapple, cocoa, palm oil, corn gluten feed, beans, sunflower seeds, guava, cassava peel, cassava stem, raw cassava, papaya, mango, passion fruit and turnip. There were differences (P <0.05) between products in potentially degradable fraction (B) of the NDF and the rate of degradation of NDF in situ and in the final volume of gases generated by fibrous carbohydrates (VFCF). There were differences (P <0.05) between by-products for the period of latency and the fractional rate of degradation of CF in vitro. There equivalence (P> 0.05) between the values predicted in situ and observed in vivo in NDFd, however, there is little precision of estimates. The degradation in the time of incubation in vitro, 30 and 48 hours were equivalent to the observed values, but showed no accuracy in the estimation. The adjusted equations without lignin were not precise and accurate to estimate NDFd of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. The equation with lignin and rate of digestion obtained by in vitro method showed more accurate estimates. The by-products beans, cassava and papaya peel have a higher availability of the NDF, while the guava is to lower availability of the NDF. The digestible fraction of NDF can be predicted by in vitro digestibility of NDF at 30 or 48 hours of incubation and the degradation of NDF obtained in situ for 24, 48 or 72 hours of incubation. However, the prediction seems to be best achieved by the time of incubation in situ for 72 hours. The equation set using the rates of digestion in vitro or in situ, can predict the availability of the NDF of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products.Este trabalho avaliou o aproveitamento de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais para alimentação de bovinos e foi conduzido em cinco experimentos. No experimento I, 57 subprodutos agrícolas e agro-industriais coletados de diferentes regiões do Brasil foram utilizados para determinar a composição química, digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) com o objetivo de agrupar os subprodutos com características nutricionais semelhantes. No primeiro agrupamento, os subprodutos pertencentes ao grupo 1 (G1) apresentaram menor DIVFDN, além do menor teor de NDT, com valores de 42,5% e 38,8%, respectivamente. Um novo agrupamento foi realizado utilizando as seguintes variáveis discriminatórias: proteína bruta disponível (PBD), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e compostos nitrogenados (FDNcp), lignina (LIG), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), DIVFDN e NDT. No intuito de melhor caracterizar os subprodutos do G2, seis subgrupos (SG) foram estabelecidos (SG1 para SG6). Os subprodutos do SG1 tiveram os maiores e os menores valores de LIG (13,1% na MS) e NDT (54,5%), respectivamente. Os subprodutos do SG2 tiveram o maior valor de FDNcp (49,7% na MS), com valor de NDT e DIVFDN superior a 60 e 70%, respectivamente, e de PB inferiores a 20% de MS. Dentre todos os subgrupos, os do SG3 tiveram os maiores valores de NDT (77,2%) e DIVFDN (93,4%) e o menor valor de LIG (2,3% na MS). Entre as variáveis discriminatórias analisadas, o EE foi a que mais influenciou no estabelecimento hierárquico de agrupamento em SG4 (19,0% de EE na MS). Os subprodutos do SG5 tinham maior concentração de CNF (70,7% na MS). Diferente dos demais subgrupos, os subprodutos do SG6 tinham o valor mais elevado da PBD (16,5% na MS). Os subprodutos pertencentes ao G1 apresentam características limitantes para uso na alimentação animal; os subprodutos pertencentes ao subgrupo SG1 devem ser, preferencialmente, utilizados como substitutos parciais de volumosos; os subprodutos dos subgrupos SG2, SG3, SG4 e SG5 devem ser utilizados como substitutos parciais de concentrados energéticos e os subprodutos do SG6 como substitutos parciais de concentrados protéicos. No experimento II objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da fonte (abacaxi, goiaba, mamão, manga e maracujá) e do nível (10 e 30%) de subprodutos de frutas in natura, na dieta de bovinos, em substituição parcial à silagem de milho sobre os consumos e as digestibilidades totais dos nutrientes, produção de proteína microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio, além da predição das frações digestíveis e nutrientes digestíveis totais destes subprodutos. Todos os animais receberam silagem de milho e foi utilizada a mistura uréia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) para que as rações se mantivessem isoprotéicas. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) (kg/dia), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), além da digestibilidade da PB, extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) foram afetados (P<0,05) pela fonte do subproduto. Houve efeito (P<0,05) para o nível de inclusão dos subprodutos na digestibilidade da PB e EE. Os subprodutos de mamão, manga e abacaxi apresentaram valor energético 23,1; 18,0 e 7,1%, respectivamente, superior à silagem de milho. A fonte do subproduto influenciou (P<0,05) nas excreções urinárias de derivados de purinas totais, purinas absorvidas e nitrogênio microbiano, além da ingestão (g/dia), a excreção nas fezes e na urina (g/dia) dos compostos nitrogenados e o balanço de nitrogênio (g/dia). O nível de inclusão do subproduto na dieta afetou (P<0,05) as excreções urinárias de derivados de purinas totais, purinas absorvidas e nitrogênio microbiano. Os subprodutos de abacaxi sem coroa, mamão e manga têm valor energético superior à silagem de milho e podem substituir parcialmente concentrados energéticos nas dietas de ruminantes, sem prejuízos sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, eficiência microbiana e retenção de nitrogênio. O subproduto de maracujá tem potencial para substituir, parcialmente, volumosos nas dietas de ruminantes, desde que respeitado os níveis de EE. O subproduto de goiaba apresenta limitações para uso em dietas de ruminantes. No experimento III objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da fonte (cacau, mandioca casca, mandioca caule e farelo de glúten de milho) e do nível (10 e 30%) de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais, na dieta, em substituição parcial à silagem de milho sobre os consumos e as digestibilidades totais dos nutrientes, produção de proteína microbiana e o balanço de nitrogênio, além da predição das frações digestíveis e nutrientes digestíveis totais destes subprodutos. Todos os animais receberam silagem de milho e foi utilizada a mistura uréia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) para que as rações se mantivessem isoprotéicas. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) (em g/kg PV e g/kg PV0,75) e de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (em g/kg PV) foram afetados (P<0,05) pela fonte de subproduto. A fonte de subproduto afetou (P<0,05) a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). O subproduto farelo de glúten de milho apresentou valor energético 17% superior à silagem de milho, enquanto, mandioca casca, mandioca caule e cacau apresentaram valor energético 10, 19 e 38% inferior ao valor observado para silagem de milho. A fonte e o nível de subproduto não afetaram as excreções urinárias de derivados de purinas totais, purinas absorvidas, nitrogênio microbiano e eficiência microbiana. A fonte do subproduto afetou (P<0,05) a ingestão (g/kg PV0,75), a excreção nas fezes (g/kg PV0,75) e na urina (g/kg PV0,75 e g/dia) dos compostos nitrogenados e o balanço de nitrogênio (g/kg CMS). O farelo de glúten de milho e a mandioca casca são subprodutos com potencial para substituir, parcialmente, os concentrados energéticos, sem prejuízos sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, eficiência microbiana e retenção de nitrogênio. O subproduto de mandioca caule tem potencial para substituir, parcialmente, volumosos nas dietas de ruminantes. O subproduto de cacau apresenta limitações para uso em dietas de ruminantes. No experimento IV objetivou-se avaliar a acurácia das equações adotadas pelo NRC e Detmann, para estimar o conteúdo energético de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais. Foram avaliados os subprodutos de abacaxi, cacau, dendê, feijão, girassol, goiaba, mandioca casca, mandioca haste, mandioca rama, mamão, manga, maracujá, nabo e farelo de glúten de milho. Todos os animais receberam silagem de milho e foi utilizada a mistura uréia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) para que as rações com os dois níveis de cada subproduto, se mantivessem isoprotéicas. Entre os modelos de predição para proteína bruta digestível (PBad), o modelo Detmann 2 apresentou diferença (P<0,05) pelo teste de hipótese para nulidade conjunta, enquanto as estimativas pelos modelos NRC e Detmann 1 foram similares às obtidas pelas observações in vivo (P>0,05). Para extrato etéreo digestível (EEad), carboidratos não fibrosos digestíveis (CNFad) e fibra em detergente neutro digestível (FDNd) observou se que o modelo proposto pelo NRC, diferiu (P<0,05), pelo teste de significância da hipótese de nulidade conjuntas, existindo melhor ajustamento para o modelo sugerido por Detmann, tendo como conseqüência, o valor P > 0,05. No entanto, entre todas as frações digestíveis, a FDNd, foi a que apresentou maior dispersão dos pontos em relação a linha de equalidade. Os modelos do NRC e Detmann podem ser considerados eficientes em predizer nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e energia digestivel (ED), pois as estimativas não diferiram (P>0,05) dos valores observados, contudo também, apresentaram grande dispersão dos pontos em relação a linha de equalidade. Recomenda-se usar os modelos propostos por Detmann para predizer as frações digestíveis da PB, EE e dos CNF em subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais. Há necessidade de mais pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de modelos mais adequados para estimar a fração digestível da FDN, já que esta foi a principal limitante para estimativas precisas e acuradas do valor energético de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais. No experimento V objetivou-se avaliar a cinética de degradação in situ, a cinética de produção de gases in vitro e predizer a fibra em detergente neutro digestível (FDNd), a partir dos tempos de incubação, dos parâmetros da cinética de degradação in situ e in vitro, e de equações ajustadas para subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais. Foram avaliados os subprodutos de abacaxi, cacau, dendê, farelo de glúten de milho, feijão, girassol, goiaba, mandioca casca, mandioca haste, mandioca rama, mamão, manga, maracujá e nabo. Existiram diferenças (P<0,05) entre os subprodutos na fração potencialmente degradável (B) da FDN e na taxa de degradação da FDN in situ e no volume final dos gases gerados pelos carboidratos fibrosos (VFCF). Existiram diferenças (P<0,05) entre os subprodutos para o período de latência e para a taxa fracional de degradação dos CF in vitro. Existiu equivalência (P>0,05) entre os valores preditos in situ e os observados in vivo de FDNd, no entanto, existiu pouca precisão das estimativas. A degradabilidade nos tempos de incubação in vitro de 30 e 48 horas apresentou equivalência com os valores observados, mas também, não apresentou precisão nas estimativas. As equações ajustadas sem lignina não foram precisas e acuradas para estimar a FDNd de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais. A equação com lignina e com taxa de digestão obtidas pelo método in vitro apresentou estimativas mais precisas. Os subprodutos feijão, mandioca casca e mamão apresentam maior disponibilidade da FDN, enquanto o de goiaba é o de menor disponibilidade da FDN. A fração digestível da FDN pode ser predita pela digestibilidade in vitro da FDN em 30 ou 48 horas de incubação e pelas degradações da FDN obtidas in situ durante 24, 48 ou 72 horas de incubação. Contudo, a melhor predição parece ser obtida com o tempo de incubação in situ de 72 horas. A equação ajustada utilizando as taxas de digestão in vitro ou in situ, permite predizer a disponibilidade da FDN de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais.application/pdfporUniversidade Federal de ViçosaDoutorado em ZootecniaUFVBRGenética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e ForragiculAvaliação de alimentosResíduos agrícolas e agroindustriaisValor energéticoFeeds evaluationAgricultural and agroindustrial residuesEnergy valueCNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMALAvaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinosEvaluation of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for feed for cattleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFVinstname:Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)instacron:UFVORIGINALtexto completo.pdfapplication/pdf451416https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/1711/1/texto%20completo.pdfdde57c212e7baa329893e92a4035946aMD51TEXTtexto completo.pdf.txttexto completo.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain276244https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/1711/2/texto%20completo.pdf.txtd5889b02049b0d5d9170fed1c679ddc1MD52THUMBNAILtexto completo.pdf.jpgtexto completo.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg3617https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/1711/3/texto%20completo.pdf.jpga4a42256000a3351e5e9a81d05338fb5MD53123456789/17112016-04-07 23:15:42.082oai:locus.ufv.br:123456789/1711Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.locus.ufv.br/oai/requestfabiojreis@ufv.bropendoar:21452016-04-08T02:15:42LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Evaluation of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for feed for cattle
title Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
spellingShingle Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomes
Avaliação de alimentos
Resíduos agrícolas e agroindustriais
Valor energético
Feeds evaluation
Agricultural and agroindustrial residues
Energy value
CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL
title_short Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
title_full Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
title_fullStr Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
title_full_unstemmed Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
title_sort Avaliação de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais na alimentação de bovinos
author Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomes
author_facet Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomes
author_role author
dc.contributor.authorLattes.por.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4737784T8
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomes
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Detmann, Edenio
dc.contributor.advisor-co1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4760013T1
dc.contributor.advisor-co2.fl_str_mv Valadares, Rilene Ferreira Diniz
dc.contributor.advisor-co2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787025E4
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Valadares Filho, Sebastião de Campos
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787028J6
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Paulino, Mário Fonseca
dc.contributor.referee1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787752E3
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Pereira, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro
dc.contributor.referee2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4708057P9
contributor_str_mv Detmann, Edenio
Valadares, Rilene Ferreira Diniz
Valadares Filho, Sebastião de Campos
Paulino, Mário Fonseca
Pereira, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Avaliação de alimentos
Resíduos agrícolas e agroindustriais
Valor energético
topic Avaliação de alimentos
Resíduos agrícolas e agroindustriais
Valor energético
Feeds evaluation
Agricultural and agroindustrial residues
Energy value
CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Feeds evaluation
Agricultural and agroindustrial residues
Energy value
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA::NUTRICAO E ALIMENTACAO ANIMAL
description This study evaluated the use of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products for feeding to cattle and was conducted in five experiments. In experiment I, 57 agricultural and agro-industrial by-products collected from different regions of Brazil were used to determine the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in order to group the products with similar nutritional characteristics. In the first cluster, by-products belonging to Group 1 (G1) showed lower IVNDFD, lower than the TDN content, with values of 42.5% and 38.8% respectively. A new grouping was performed using the following variables discriminatory: available crude protein (ACP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber free to ash and nitrogen compounds (NDFap), lignin (LIG), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), IVNDFD and TDN. In order to better characterize the by-products of G2, six subgroups (SG) were established (SG1 to SG6). The by- products of SG1 had the highest and lowest values of LIG (13.1% in DM) and TDN (54.5%), respectively. The by- products of SG2 had the highest value of NDFap (49.7% in DM), with values of NDT and IVNDFD greater than 60 and 70% respectively, and CP less than 20% of DM. Among all subgroups, those of SG3 had the highest values of TDN (77.2%) and IVNDFD (93.4%) and the lowest value of LIG (2.3% in DM). Amongst the discriminatory variables analyzed, the EE most influence in hierarchical establishing clustering in SG4 (19.0% of DM in EE). The SG5 by-products had the highest concentration of NFC (70.7% in DM). Different from the other subgroups, the SG6 by products had the highest value of ACP (16.5% in DM). The by-products belonging to the G1 have specific limitations for use in animal feeding, SG1 by-products should be, preferably, used as a partial roughage substitutes, that SG2, SG3, SG4 and SG5 byproducts should be used as a partial concentrated energy substitutes and SG6 byproducts should be used as partial protein concentrates substitutes. In experiment II aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of the source (pineapple, guava, papaya, mango and passion fruit) and the level (10 and 30%) of by-products of fruit in natura, in the diet of cattle, replacing part of corn silage on intake and total digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein production and the nitrogen balance, in addition to the prediction of digestible fractions and total digestible nutrients of these products. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the remaining isonitrogenous diets. The intakes of dry matter (DM) (kg / day), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and the digestibility of CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and ether extract (EE) were affected (P <0.05) by the source of the by-product. There was an effect (P <0.05) for the level of inclusion of products in the digestibility of CP and EE. The byproducts of papaya, mango and pineapple showed energy 23.1, 18.0 and 7.1% respectively, higher than the corn silage. The source of the by-product influenced (P <0.05) in urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and microbial nitrogen, in addition to the intake (g/day), the excretion in feces and urine (g/day) of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen balance (g/day). The level of inclusion of the by-product in the diet affect (P <0.05) the urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and microbial nitrogen. The by-products of pineapple without crown, papaya and mango are higher than the energy value of corn silage and can partially replace energy concentrates in the diets of ruminants, with no damage on the intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and nitrogen retention. The by- product of passion has the potential to partial roughage substitutes in the diets of ruminants, provided that observed levels of EE. The by-product of guava has limitations for use in diets of ruminants. In experiment III aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of the source (cocoa, shell cassava, stalk cassava and corn gluten feed) and level (10 and 30%) of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products, diet, replacing part of corn silage on the intake and total digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein production and the nitrogen balance, in addition to the prediction of digestible fractions and total digestible nutrients of these by-products. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the remaining isonitrogenous diets. The intakes of dry matter (DM) (in g/kg PV g/kg PV0, 75) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (in g/kg PV) were affected (P <0.05) by source of by- product. The source of by-product affect (P <0.05) the digestibility of ether extract (EE) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (CNF). The by-product corn gluten feed showed energy 17% higher than the corn silage, while shell cassava, cocoa and stalk cassava showed energy 10, 19 and 38% lower than the observed value for corn silage. The source and the level of by-product did not affect the urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed, microbial nitrogen and microbial efficiency. The source of the affected product (P <0.05) at intake (g/kg PV0, 75), the excretion in feces (g/kg PV0, 75) and urine (g/kg PV0,75, g/day) of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen balance (g/kg DMI). The corn gluten meal and cassava peel are products with the potential to replace, in part, the concentrated energy, without damage on the intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and nitrogen retention. The byproduct of cassava stem has the potential to partial roughage substitutes in the diets of ruminants. The by-product of cocoa has limitations for use in diets of ruminants. In experiment VI aimed to assess the accuracy of the equations adopted by the NRC and Detmann, to estimate the energy content of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. We evaluated the by-products of pineapple, cocoa, palm oil, beans, sunflower, guava, cassava bark, cassava stem, raw cassava, papaya, mango, passion fruit, turnip and corn gluten meal. All animals received corn silage and the mixture was used urea / ammonium sulfate (9:1) for the diets with two levels of each product, remained isonitrogenous. Among the models for prediction of digestible crude protein (CPad), the model presented Detmann 2 difference (P <0.05) by the test of null hypothesis for joint, while estimates by the models and NRC Detmann 1 were similar to those obtained by the observations in vivo (P>0.05). For digestible ether extract (EEad), non-fibrous carbohydrates digestible (NFCad) and neutral detergent fiber digestible (NDFd) observed that the model proposed by the NRC, differed (P <0.05), the significance test of the hypothesis of invalidity joint, with better adjustment to the model suggested by Detmann, with the result, the value P>0.05. However, among all the digestible fractions, the NDFd, presented the greater dispersion of points on the line of equal. The models of the NRC and Detmann may be effective in predicting total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE), poi estimates did not differ (P> 0.05) of observed values, but also showed great dispersion of points in the line of equal respect. It is recommended to use the models proposed by Detmann to predict the digestible fractions of CP, EE and NFC in agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. There is a need for more research to develop more appropriate models to estimate the digestible fraction of NDF, as this was the main limitation for precise and accurate estimates of the energy value of agricultural and agroindustrial by- products. In experiment V aimed to evaluate the kinetics of degradation in situ, the kinetics of gas production in vitro and predicting the digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFd) from the time of incubation, the parameters of kinetics of degradation in situ and in vitro, and adjusted equations for agricultural and agribusiness by- products. We evaluated the products of pineapple, cocoa, palm oil, corn gluten feed, beans, sunflower seeds, guava, cassava peel, cassava stem, raw cassava, papaya, mango, passion fruit and turnip. There were differences (P <0.05) between products in potentially degradable fraction (B) of the NDF and the rate of degradation of NDF in situ and in the final volume of gases generated by fibrous carbohydrates (VFCF). There were differences (P <0.05) between by-products for the period of latency and the fractional rate of degradation of CF in vitro. There equivalence (P> 0.05) between the values predicted in situ and observed in vivo in NDFd, however, there is little precision of estimates. The degradation in the time of incubation in vitro, 30 and 48 hours were equivalent to the observed values, but showed no accuracy in the estimation. The adjusted equations without lignin were not precise and accurate to estimate NDFd of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products. The equation with lignin and rate of digestion obtained by in vitro method showed more accurate estimates. The by-products beans, cassava and papaya peel have a higher availability of the NDF, while the guava is to lower availability of the NDF. The digestible fraction of NDF can be predicted by in vitro digestibility of NDF at 30 or 48 hours of incubation and the degradation of NDF obtained in situ for 24, 48 or 72 hours of incubation. However, the prediction seems to be best achieved by the time of incubation in situ for 72 hours. The equation set using the rates of digestion in vitro or in situ, can predict the availability of the NDF of agricultural and agroindustrial by-products.
publishDate 2009
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2009-06-10
2015-03-26T12:54:26Z
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2009-02-10
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2015-03-26T12:54:26Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
format doctoralThesis
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv AZEVÊDO, José Augusto Gomes. Evaluation of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for feed for cattle. 2009. 154 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2009.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1711
identifier_str_mv AZEVÊDO, José Augusto Gomes. Evaluation of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for feed for cattle. 2009. 154 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2009.
url http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/1711
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eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal de Viçosa
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv Doutorado em Zootecnia
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv UFV
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv BR
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv Genética e Melhoramento de Animais Domésticos; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal; Pastagens e Forragicul
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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