The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Silva, Ermelinda Isabel Martins da
Data de Publicação: 2022
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)
Texto Completo: http://hdl.handle.net/10348/12014
Resumo: The olive tree is one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean region and in the Trás-os-Montes region. However, most olive groves are in rainfed conditions, being severely compromised due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns that are expected for the coming decades. In this context, the growth and development performance of these olive groves could be compromised, with consequent decrease in the production and quality of olives and oil. To mitigate the negative impacts, it is important to find strategies that contribute to alleviate and/or improve the adaptability of the olive tree to this more adverse climate scenario. Thus, it is crucial to implement new water management and fertilization practices to ensure the production and quality and increase the sustainability of rainfed olive groves. In this thesis, the effect of application and lack of nutrients on the physiology, metabolism and production of rainfed olive groves, as well as the effects on fruit and oil quality, were evaluated. One of the studies was carried out on olive trees in which the control received nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and in three other treatments one of the nutrients (N, P or K) was removed. Plants that received N, P and K showed better photosynthetic activity and higher stomatal density and conductance. Furthermore, plants that received N, P and K invested less in secondary metabolism and increased the content of soluble sugars during the winter, in order to ensure cellular homeostasis. In this work we also evaluated the effect of boron application (B+), compared to no application (B0), on the physiology and metabolism of olive trees during winter and summer. Boron application substantially improved olive tree physiology, in particular water status and photosynthetic activity due to lower stomatal, biochemical, and photochemical limitations. Plants subjected to B+ also showed lower electrolyte leakage and better nutrient uptake especially in calcium, boron and zinc. It is irrefutable that adequate boron nutrition improves the physiological performance of the olive tree, relieving the negative effects caused by low temperatures and summer stress. Mineral nutrition has a positive effect on olive groves. However, an excessive fertilization is frequently observed mainly in N, resulting in negative effects for the agro-system and in the increase of costs for the producers. To clarify this issue in rainfed olive groves, it was found that the application of 40 kg N ha-1 (N40) and 120 kg N ha-1 (N120) increased the physiological performance of the olive tree, particularly the photosynthetic activity, as well as the production. However, in situations of high summer stress, N40 plants showed better photosynthetic activity than N120 plants, as a result of better water status. The application of 40 kg N ha-1 also contributed to an increase in the concentration of soil proteins related to glomalin, with obvious advantages in terms of nitrogen and carbon reserves, as well as the improvement of the soil structure. In view of these results, it can be concluded that olive trees have a positive response to N application. However, applications of 40 kg N ha-1 year-1 , or slightly more, may be the appropriate dose for the agroecological conditions of most species. rainfed olive groves in Trás-os-Montes, as it guarantees high productivity and reduces production costs and the risk of environmental contamination by the excessive use of N. The study on N doses also revealed that the highest dose (N120) impaired the quality of the fruit and the oil. In particular, a delay in fruit maturation, a decrease in the concentration of phenolic compounds, a reduction in stability and an increase in olive oil degradation over time were observed compared to N40. In conclusion, moderate levels of N (N40) seem to be a good compromise to guarantee the quality and stability of the oil. Mineral nutrition also plays an important role in the yield and quality of olives and oil. In olive trees with NPKB application, there was an increase in production, fruit size and pulp/stone ratio. There was also an increase in the accumulation of olive oil and dietary fiber. However, a decrease in phenolic concentration was observed in fruits and olive oil. Mineral nutrition did not affect the quality of the oils, all being classified as “extra virgin” (EU Regulation, 2013). In all the oils analyzed, there was a decrease in the stability of the oil over the storage time (3 to 15 months), being more pronounced in the oils from the treatments where N, P and B were not applied. Fertilization plays an important role in the good performance of the olive tree. However, due to the unpredictability of rainfall that can reduce the availability of nutrients in the soil, new technologies have been developed, such as controlled release fertilizers (CRF). In this study, it was found that the application of these fertilizers did not improve the physiological and productive performance of the olive tree, but increased soil fertility, as evidenced by the increase in concentrations of N, organic carbon and soil proteins related to glomalin. In conclusion, the results obtained in this dissertation can be important to help the traditional rainfed olive grove to mitigate the effects of climate change. The results obtained bring new information about the need for adequate fertilization of the olive grove, namely the doses to be applied and the time of year when its application is most effective, as well as understanding the effect that each of the nutrients has on the level of quality of fruit and oil. This study also allowed us to understand the effect of CRF on olive tree performance and soil health.
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spelling The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditionsboroncontrolled-release fertilizersThe olive tree is one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean region and in the Trás-os-Montes region. However, most olive groves are in rainfed conditions, being severely compromised due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns that are expected for the coming decades. In this context, the growth and development performance of these olive groves could be compromised, with consequent decrease in the production and quality of olives and oil. To mitigate the negative impacts, it is important to find strategies that contribute to alleviate and/or improve the adaptability of the olive tree to this more adverse climate scenario. Thus, it is crucial to implement new water management and fertilization practices to ensure the production and quality and increase the sustainability of rainfed olive groves. In this thesis, the effect of application and lack of nutrients on the physiology, metabolism and production of rainfed olive groves, as well as the effects on fruit and oil quality, were evaluated. One of the studies was carried out on olive trees in which the control received nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and in three other treatments one of the nutrients (N, P or K) was removed. Plants that received N, P and K showed better photosynthetic activity and higher stomatal density and conductance. Furthermore, plants that received N, P and K invested less in secondary metabolism and increased the content of soluble sugars during the winter, in order to ensure cellular homeostasis. In this work we also evaluated the effect of boron application (B+), compared to no application (B0), on the physiology and metabolism of olive trees during winter and summer. Boron application substantially improved olive tree physiology, in particular water status and photosynthetic activity due to lower stomatal, biochemical, and photochemical limitations. Plants subjected to B+ also showed lower electrolyte leakage and better nutrient uptake especially in calcium, boron and zinc. It is irrefutable that adequate boron nutrition improves the physiological performance of the olive tree, relieving the negative effects caused by low temperatures and summer stress. Mineral nutrition has a positive effect on olive groves. However, an excessive fertilization is frequently observed mainly in N, resulting in negative effects for the agro-system and in the increase of costs for the producers. To clarify this issue in rainfed olive groves, it was found that the application of 40 kg N ha-1 (N40) and 120 kg N ha-1 (N120) increased the physiological performance of the olive tree, particularly the photosynthetic activity, as well as the production. However, in situations of high summer stress, N40 plants showed better photosynthetic activity than N120 plants, as a result of better water status. The application of 40 kg N ha-1 also contributed to an increase in the concentration of soil proteins related to glomalin, with obvious advantages in terms of nitrogen and carbon reserves, as well as the improvement of the soil structure. In view of these results, it can be concluded that olive trees have a positive response to N application. However, applications of 40 kg N ha-1 year-1 , or slightly more, may be the appropriate dose for the agroecological conditions of most species. rainfed olive groves in Trás-os-Montes, as it guarantees high productivity and reduces production costs and the risk of environmental contamination by the excessive use of N. The study on N doses also revealed that the highest dose (N120) impaired the quality of the fruit and the oil. In particular, a delay in fruit maturation, a decrease in the concentration of phenolic compounds, a reduction in stability and an increase in olive oil degradation over time were observed compared to N40. In conclusion, moderate levels of N (N40) seem to be a good compromise to guarantee the quality and stability of the oil. Mineral nutrition also plays an important role in the yield and quality of olives and oil. In olive trees with NPKB application, there was an increase in production, fruit size and pulp/stone ratio. There was also an increase in the accumulation of olive oil and dietary fiber. However, a decrease in phenolic concentration was observed in fruits and olive oil. Mineral nutrition did not affect the quality of the oils, all being classified as “extra virgin” (EU Regulation, 2013). In all the oils analyzed, there was a decrease in the stability of the oil over the storage time (3 to 15 months), being more pronounced in the oils from the treatments where N, P and B were not applied. Fertilization plays an important role in the good performance of the olive tree. However, due to the unpredictability of rainfall that can reduce the availability of nutrients in the soil, new technologies have been developed, such as controlled release fertilizers (CRF). In this study, it was found that the application of these fertilizers did not improve the physiological and productive performance of the olive tree, but increased soil fertility, as evidenced by the increase in concentrations of N, organic carbon and soil proteins related to glomalin. In conclusion, the results obtained in this dissertation can be important to help the traditional rainfed olive grove to mitigate the effects of climate change. The results obtained bring new information about the need for adequate fertilization of the olive grove, namely the doses to be applied and the time of year when its application is most effective, as well as understanding the effect that each of the nutrients has on the level of quality of fruit and oil. This study also allowed us to understand the effect of CRF on olive tree performance and soil health.A oliveira é uma das culturas de grande importância na região Mediterrânica e na região de Trás-os-Montes. No entanto, a grande maioria dos olivais encontram-se em condições de sequeiro, estando bastante comprometidos devido às alterações nos padrões de temperatura e precipitação que se perspetivam para as próximas décadas. Neste contexto, a performance de crescimento e desenvolvimento destes olivais poderá ser comprometida, com consequente diminuição da produção e da qualidade das azeitonas e do azeite. Para mitigar os impactos negativos é importante encontrar estratégias que contribuam para aliviar e/ou melhorar a adaptabilidade da oliveira a esse cenário climático mais adverso. Assim, torna-se crucial a implementação de novas práticas de gestão de água e fertilização para garantir a produção e a qualidade e aumentar a sustentabilidade dos olivais de sequeiro. Nesta tese foram avaliados o efeito da aplicação e falta de nutrientes na fisiologia, metabolismo e produção dos olivais de sequeiro, bem como os efeitos na qualidade do fruto e do azeite. Um dos estudos foi realizado em oliveiras no qual o controlo recebeu azoto (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K) e em três outros tratamentos um dos nutrientes (N, P ou K) foi removido. As plantas que receberam N, P e K apresentaram melhor atividade fotossintética e maior densidade e condutância estomática. Para além disso, as plantas que receberam N, P e K investiram menos em metabolismo secundário e aumentaram o teor de açúcares solúveis durante o inverno, de modo a assegurar a homeostase celular. Neste trabalho avaliamos também o efeito da aplicação de boro (B+), em comparação com a ausência de aplicação (B0), na fisiologia e no metabolismo da oliveira durante o inverno e o verão. A aplicação de boro melhorou substancialmente a fisiologia da oliveira, em particular o estado hídrico e a atividade fotossintética devido a menores limitações estomáticas, bioquímicas e fotoquímicas. As plantas com B+ também apresentaram melhor integridade das membranas e aquisição de nutrientes tais como cálcio, boro e zinco. É indiscutível que uma adequada nutrição em boro melhora a performance fisiológica da oliveira, aliviando dos efeitos negativos provocados pelas baixas temperaturas e pelo stresse estival. A nutrição mineral tem um efeito positivo nos olivais. No entanto, observa-se, frequentemente, uma fertilização excessiva, principalmente em N, resultando em efeitos negativos para o agro-sistema e no aumento dos custos para os produtores. Para clarificar este assunto em olival de sequeiro, verificou-se que a aplicação de 40 kg N ha-1 (N40) e 120 kg N ha-1 (N120) aumentaram a performance fisiológica da oliveira, particularmente a atividade fotossintética, assim como a produção. No entanto, em situações de elevado stresse estival, as plantas N40 apresentaram melhor atividade fotossintética do que as plantas N120, em consequência de melhor estado hídrico. A aplicação de 40 kg N ha-1 contribuiu também para o aumento da concentração de proteínas do solo relacionadas com glomalina, com vantagens evidentes em termos de reserva de azoto e de carbono, bem como a melhoria da estrutura do solo. Perante estes resultados pode-se concluir que as oliveiras têm uma resposta positiva à aplicação de N. No entanto, aplicações de 40 kg N ha-1 ano-1 , ou ligeiramente mais, pode ser a dose adequada para as condições agroecológicas da maioria dos olivais de sequeiro em Trásos-Montes, pois garante alta produtividade e reduz custos de produção e o risco de contaminação ambiental pelo uso excessivo de N. O estudo sobre doses de N revelou ainda que a dose mais elevada (N120) prejudicou a qualidade do fruto e do azeite. Em particular, observou-se um atraso na maturação dos frutos, a diminuição da concentração de compostos fenólicos, a redução da estabilidade e o aumento da degradação do azeite ao longo do tempo em comparação com N40. Em conclusão, os teores moderados de N (N40) parecem ser um bom compromisso para garantir a qualidade e a estabilidade do azeite. A nutrição mineral desempenha também um papel importante no rendimento e na qualidade da azeitona e do azeite. Em oliveiras com aplicação de NPKB verificou-se um aumento da produção, do tamanho do fruto e da razão polpa/caroço. Verificou-se também um aumento da acumulação em azeite e de fibra dietética. No entanto, observou-se uma diminuição da concentração fenólica nos frutos e no azeite. A nutrição mineral não afetou a qualidade dos azeites, sendo todos classificados como “extra virgem” (EU Regulamento, 2013). Em todos os azeites analisados, verificou-se um decréscimo da estabilidade do azeite ao longo do tempo de armazenamento (3 a 15 meses), sendo mais acentuado nos azeites provenientes dos tratamentos onde não se aplicou N, P e B. A fertilização tem um papel importante no bom desempenho da oliveira. No entanto, devido à imprevisibilidade das chuvas que podem reduzir a disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, têm sido desenvolvidas novas tecnologias como é o caso dos adubos de libertação controlada (CRF). No estudo efetuado verificou-se que a aplicação destes adubos não melhorou o desempenho fisiológico e produtivo da oliveira, mas aumentou a fertilidade do solo, como se comprova pelo aumento das concentrações de N, carbono orgânico e glomalina. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação podem ser importantes para ajudar o olival tradicional de sequeiro a mitigar os efeitos das alterações climáticas. Os resultados obtidos trazem novas informações acerca da necessidade de fertilização adequada do olival, nomeadamente as doses a aplicar e qual a altura do ano em que a sua aplicação é mais eficaz, assim como perceber qual o efeito que cada um dos nutrientes tem ao nível da qualidade do fruto e do azeite. Este estudo também permitiu compreender qual o efeito da CRF no desempenho da oliveira e na saúde do solo.2023-12-07T17:08:30Z2022-12-13T00:00:00Z2022-12-13doctoral thesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10348/12014engmetadata only accessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessSilva, Ermelinda Isabel Martins dareponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-03-24T03:30:55Zoai:repositorio.utad.pt:10348/12014Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openairemluisa.alvim@gmail.comopendoar:71602024-03-24T03:30:55Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
title The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
spellingShingle The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
Silva, Ermelinda Isabel Martins da
boron
controlled-release fertilizers
title_short The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
title_full The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
title_fullStr The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
title_full_unstemmed The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
title_sort The role of mineral nutrition in olive tree physiology, metabolism, and yield under rainfed conditions
author Silva, Ermelinda Isabel Martins da
author_facet Silva, Ermelinda Isabel Martins da
author_role author
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Silva, Ermelinda Isabel Martins da
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv boron
controlled-release fertilizers
topic boron
controlled-release fertilizers
description The olive tree is one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean region and in the Trás-os-Montes region. However, most olive groves are in rainfed conditions, being severely compromised due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns that are expected for the coming decades. In this context, the growth and development performance of these olive groves could be compromised, with consequent decrease in the production and quality of olives and oil. To mitigate the negative impacts, it is important to find strategies that contribute to alleviate and/or improve the adaptability of the olive tree to this more adverse climate scenario. Thus, it is crucial to implement new water management and fertilization practices to ensure the production and quality and increase the sustainability of rainfed olive groves. In this thesis, the effect of application and lack of nutrients on the physiology, metabolism and production of rainfed olive groves, as well as the effects on fruit and oil quality, were evaluated. One of the studies was carried out on olive trees in which the control received nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and in three other treatments one of the nutrients (N, P or K) was removed. Plants that received N, P and K showed better photosynthetic activity and higher stomatal density and conductance. Furthermore, plants that received N, P and K invested less in secondary metabolism and increased the content of soluble sugars during the winter, in order to ensure cellular homeostasis. In this work we also evaluated the effect of boron application (B+), compared to no application (B0), on the physiology and metabolism of olive trees during winter and summer. Boron application substantially improved olive tree physiology, in particular water status and photosynthetic activity due to lower stomatal, biochemical, and photochemical limitations. Plants subjected to B+ also showed lower electrolyte leakage and better nutrient uptake especially in calcium, boron and zinc. It is irrefutable that adequate boron nutrition improves the physiological performance of the olive tree, relieving the negative effects caused by low temperatures and summer stress. Mineral nutrition has a positive effect on olive groves. However, an excessive fertilization is frequently observed mainly in N, resulting in negative effects for the agro-system and in the increase of costs for the producers. To clarify this issue in rainfed olive groves, it was found that the application of 40 kg N ha-1 (N40) and 120 kg N ha-1 (N120) increased the physiological performance of the olive tree, particularly the photosynthetic activity, as well as the production. However, in situations of high summer stress, N40 plants showed better photosynthetic activity than N120 plants, as a result of better water status. The application of 40 kg N ha-1 also contributed to an increase in the concentration of soil proteins related to glomalin, with obvious advantages in terms of nitrogen and carbon reserves, as well as the improvement of the soil structure. In view of these results, it can be concluded that olive trees have a positive response to N application. However, applications of 40 kg N ha-1 year-1 , or slightly more, may be the appropriate dose for the agroecological conditions of most species. rainfed olive groves in Trás-os-Montes, as it guarantees high productivity and reduces production costs and the risk of environmental contamination by the excessive use of N. The study on N doses also revealed that the highest dose (N120) impaired the quality of the fruit and the oil. In particular, a delay in fruit maturation, a decrease in the concentration of phenolic compounds, a reduction in stability and an increase in olive oil degradation over time were observed compared to N40. In conclusion, moderate levels of N (N40) seem to be a good compromise to guarantee the quality and stability of the oil. Mineral nutrition also plays an important role in the yield and quality of olives and oil. In olive trees with NPKB application, there was an increase in production, fruit size and pulp/stone ratio. There was also an increase in the accumulation of olive oil and dietary fiber. However, a decrease in phenolic concentration was observed in fruits and olive oil. Mineral nutrition did not affect the quality of the oils, all being classified as “extra virgin” (EU Regulation, 2013). In all the oils analyzed, there was a decrease in the stability of the oil over the storage time (3 to 15 months), being more pronounced in the oils from the treatments where N, P and B were not applied. Fertilization plays an important role in the good performance of the olive tree. However, due to the unpredictability of rainfall that can reduce the availability of nutrients in the soil, new technologies have been developed, such as controlled release fertilizers (CRF). In this study, it was found that the application of these fertilizers did not improve the physiological and productive performance of the olive tree, but increased soil fertility, as evidenced by the increase in concentrations of N, organic carbon and soil proteins related to glomalin. In conclusion, the results obtained in this dissertation can be important to help the traditional rainfed olive grove to mitigate the effects of climate change. The results obtained bring new information about the need for adequate fertilization of the olive grove, namely the doses to be applied and the time of year when its application is most effective, as well as understanding the effect that each of the nutrients has on the level of quality of fruit and oil. This study also allowed us to understand the effect of CRF on olive tree performance and soil health.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-13T00:00:00Z
2022-12-13
2023-12-07T17:08:30Z
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