Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Ilya Maria Espino Cruz
Data de Publicação: 2020
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UFMG
Texto Completo: http://hdl.handle.net/1843/33715
Resumo: The main objective of this dissertation is to explore dimensions of gender inequality in Central America. The dissertation contains three papers, each of them uses different time periods and methods, and attempt to contribute to a broad understanding of the dimensions of gender inequality in both private and public spheres. The first paper explores the role of changes in family structure and living arrangements on shaping income distribution in Guatemala using data from the national sample survey ENCOVI - National Survey of Living Conditions (2000 and 2014). For this task, a 12 groups household typology including a gender dimension is proposed. In order to examine the effects of changes in family composition and living arrangements on income inequality, a decomposition of the distributional changes by population subgroups is applied. The results suggest that trends in family structure and living arrangements associated with the decline of fertility rates and the increase in aging population do not seem to have contributed to changes in income inequality experienced by Guatemala for the period from 2000 to 2014. The second paper examines the effects of individual and household characteristics on the time-allocation decision for both women and men, and how these effects have evolved over time in Urban Guatemala using data from the ENCOVI (2000 and 2004). A multivariate Tobit is built to model individuals’ decision to allocate time, distinguishing three time uses: housework, childcare, and paid work. The results reveal that time allocation is largely determined by gender. For both periods, on average, women devote more time to housework and childcare than men, while men spend more hours in paid work than their counterparts. Moreover, women’s time allocation is more responsive to individuals and household characteristics than men’s in both periods. The last paper examines the relationship between gender occupational intensity and gender differences in pay in the Northern Triangle of Central America using national surveys carried out in 2014 in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. For that, a harmonized occupational classification at the 2-digit-level is built with the objective of analyzing the occupational distribution across countries. Through quantile regressions, it is analyzed what factors may affect gender differences along the wage distribution, considering individuals and household variables and occupation patterns. The comparative analysis suggests that women are always at a disadvantage when compared to men in the labor market. Finally, the findings show wage penalties for working in female-dominated occupations along the distribution. However, gender differences across female occupational intensity quantiles are noted, the effect of this variable is higher at the lower quantile of the distribution for women, especially in El Salvador and Honduras.
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spelling Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de Oliveirahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/4296821710899356Luciana Soares Luz do AmaralSibelle Cornélio Diniz da CostaAnne Caroline Costa ResendeDanyella Juliana Martins BritoAlexandre Gori Maiahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/2270185876571746Ilya Maria Espino Cruz2020-06-30T12:21:08Z2020-06-30T12:21:08Z2020-05-22http://hdl.handle.net/1843/33715The main objective of this dissertation is to explore dimensions of gender inequality in Central America. The dissertation contains three papers, each of them uses different time periods and methods, and attempt to contribute to a broad understanding of the dimensions of gender inequality in both private and public spheres. The first paper explores the role of changes in family structure and living arrangements on shaping income distribution in Guatemala using data from the national sample survey ENCOVI - National Survey of Living Conditions (2000 and 2014). For this task, a 12 groups household typology including a gender dimension is proposed. In order to examine the effects of changes in family composition and living arrangements on income inequality, a decomposition of the distributional changes by population subgroups is applied. The results suggest that trends in family structure and living arrangements associated with the decline of fertility rates and the increase in aging population do not seem to have contributed to changes in income inequality experienced by Guatemala for the period from 2000 to 2014. The second paper examines the effects of individual and household characteristics on the time-allocation decision for both women and men, and how these effects have evolved over time in Urban Guatemala using data from the ENCOVI (2000 and 2004). A multivariate Tobit is built to model individuals’ decision to allocate time, distinguishing three time uses: housework, childcare, and paid work. The results reveal that time allocation is largely determined by gender. For both periods, on average, women devote more time to housework and childcare than men, while men spend more hours in paid work than their counterparts. Moreover, women’s time allocation is more responsive to individuals and household characteristics than men’s in both periods. The last paper examines the relationship between gender occupational intensity and gender differences in pay in the Northern Triangle of Central America using national surveys carried out in 2014 in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. For that, a harmonized occupational classification at the 2-digit-level is built with the objective of analyzing the occupational distribution across countries. Through quantile regressions, it is analyzed what factors may affect gender differences along the wage distribution, considering individuals and household variables and occupation patterns. The comparative analysis suggests that women are always at a disadvantage when compared to men in the labor market. Finally, the findings show wage penalties for working in female-dominated occupations along the distribution. However, gender differences across female occupational intensity quantiles are noted, the effect of this variable is higher at the lower quantile of the distribution for women, especially in El Salvador and Honduras.O principal objetivo desta dissertação é explorar dimensões da desigualdade de gênero na América Central. A dissertação é constituída por três artigos, cada artigo usa diferentes períodos e métodos, e tenta contribuir para um amplo entendimento das dimensões da desigualdade de gênero nas esferas pública e privada. O primeiro artigo explora o papel das mudanças na estrutura familiar e arranjos de vida na estruturação da distribuição de renda na Guatemala usando dados da pesquisa de amostragem nacional ENCOVI - Pesquisa Nacional de Condições de Vida (ENCOVI (2000 e 2014). Para essa tarefa, uma tipologia de 12 grupos domiciliares incluindo uma dimensão de gênero é proposta. A fim de examinar os efeitos das mudanças na composição familiar e arranjos de vida na desigualdade de renda, uma decomposição de mudanças distribucionais em subgrupos populacionais é aplicada. Os resultados sugerem que tendências na estrutura familiar e arranjos de vida associada com o declínio das taxas de fertilidade e o aumento do envelhecimento não parecem ter contribuído para mudanças na desigualdade de renda experienciada pela Guatemala no período de 2000 a 2014. O segundo artigo examina os efeitos das características individuais e domiciliares nas decisões de alocação de tempo tanto para mulheres quanto para homens e como esses efeitos tem evoluído ao longo do tempo na Guatemala urbana usando dados da ENCOVI (2000 e 2014). Um sistema multivariado Tobit é construído para modelar as decisões dos indivíduos na alocação do tempo, distinguindo três usos de tempo: tarefas domésticas, cuidado com as crianças e trabalho remunerado. Os resultados revelam que a alocação de tempo é amplamente determinada pelo gênero. Em média, para ambos os períodos, mulheres dedicam mais tempo aos afazeres domésticos e ao cuidado com as crianças que os homens, enquanto estes dedicam mais ao trabalho remunerado. No entanto, mulheres frequentemente acumulam ambas as funções, enquanto homens apresentam elevado grau de especialização no trabalho remunerado. Além disso, a alocação de tempo das mulheres é mais responsiva em características individuais e domiciliares do que os homens em ambos os períodos. O último artigo examina a relação entre intensidade ocupacional por gênero e diferenças salariais por gênero no Triângulo Norte da América Central usando pesquisas nacionais conduzidas em 2014 na Guatemala, El Salvador e Honduras. Para isso, uma classificação harmonizada ocupacional de nível de dois dígitos é construída com o objetivo de analisar a distribuição ocupacional nos países. Por meio de regressões quantis, analisa-se quais fatores podem afetar diferenças de gênero ao longo da distribuição de renda, considerando variáveis individuais e domiciliares e padrões ocupacionais. A análise comparativa sugere que as mulheres estão sempre em desvantagem quando comparadas aos homens no mercado de trabalho. E para concluir, os resultados demonstram penalidades salariais ao se trabalhar em profissões dominadas por mulheres ao longo da distribuição. Entretanto, diferenças de gênero sobre quantis de intensidade ocupacional feminina são notadas: o efeito desta variável é maior no quantil inferior da distribuição para mulheres, especialmente em El Salvador e Honduras.FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisengUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisPrograma de Pós-Graduação em EconomiaUFMGBrasilFACE - FACULDADE DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAShttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pt/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessDemografiaRendaDistribuiçãoDemografia da familiaEconomia do trabalhoGenderFamilyIncome inequalityTime useGender intensity occupationalPay gapCentral AmericaDimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and incomeDimensões da desigualdade de gênero na América Central: família, trabalho, e rendainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisreponame:Repositório Institucional da UFMGinstname:Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)instacron:UFMGORIGINAL1-Final Dissertation Ilya Espino[RI-UFMG-220620].pdf1-Final Dissertation Ilya Espino[RI-UFMG-220620].pdfTese_Doutorado_Economia_Ilya Espinoapplication/pdf3181867https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/33715/1/1-Final%20Dissertation%20Ilya%20Espino%5bRI-UFMG-220620%5d.pdf6c970ef40c4ded8125b7473cf1cc8b29MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8811https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/33715/2/license_rdfcfd6801dba008cb6adbd9838b81582abMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82119https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/33715/3/license.txt34badce4be7e31e3adb4575ae96af679MD531843/337152020-06-30 09:21:08.873oai:repositorio.ufmg.br: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Repositório de PublicaçõesPUBhttps://repositorio.ufmg.br/oaiopendoar:2020-06-30T12:21:08Repositório Institucional da UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)false
dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
dc.title.alternative.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Dimensões da desigualdade de gênero na América Central: família, trabalho, e renda
title Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
spellingShingle Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
Ilya Maria Espino Cruz
Gender
Family
Income inequality
Time use
Gender intensity occupational
Pay gap
Central America
Demografia
Renda
Distribuição
Demografia da familia
Economia do trabalho
title_short Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
title_full Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
title_fullStr Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
title_full_unstemmed Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
title_sort Dimensions of gender inequality in Central America: family, work, and income
author Ilya Maria Espino Cruz
author_facet Ilya Maria Espino Cruz
author_role author
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de Oliveira
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/4296821710899356
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Luciana Soares Luz do Amaral
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Sibelle Cornélio Diniz da Costa
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Anne Caroline Costa Resende
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv Danyella Juliana Martins Brito
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv Alexandre Gori Maia
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/2270185876571746
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Ilya Maria Espino Cruz
contributor_str_mv Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de Oliveira
Luciana Soares Luz do Amaral
Sibelle Cornélio Diniz da Costa
Anne Caroline Costa Resende
Danyella Juliana Martins Brito
Alexandre Gori Maia
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Gender
Family
Income inequality
Time use
Gender intensity occupational
Pay gap
Central America
topic Gender
Family
Income inequality
Time use
Gender intensity occupational
Pay gap
Central America
Demografia
Renda
Distribuição
Demografia da familia
Economia do trabalho
dc.subject.other.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Demografia
Renda
Distribuição
Demografia da familia
Economia do trabalho
description The main objective of this dissertation is to explore dimensions of gender inequality in Central America. The dissertation contains three papers, each of them uses different time periods and methods, and attempt to contribute to a broad understanding of the dimensions of gender inequality in both private and public spheres. The first paper explores the role of changes in family structure and living arrangements on shaping income distribution in Guatemala using data from the national sample survey ENCOVI - National Survey of Living Conditions (2000 and 2014). For this task, a 12 groups household typology including a gender dimension is proposed. In order to examine the effects of changes in family composition and living arrangements on income inequality, a decomposition of the distributional changes by population subgroups is applied. The results suggest that trends in family structure and living arrangements associated with the decline of fertility rates and the increase in aging population do not seem to have contributed to changes in income inequality experienced by Guatemala for the period from 2000 to 2014. The second paper examines the effects of individual and household characteristics on the time-allocation decision for both women and men, and how these effects have evolved over time in Urban Guatemala using data from the ENCOVI (2000 and 2004). A multivariate Tobit is built to model individuals’ decision to allocate time, distinguishing three time uses: housework, childcare, and paid work. The results reveal that time allocation is largely determined by gender. For both periods, on average, women devote more time to housework and childcare than men, while men spend more hours in paid work than their counterparts. Moreover, women’s time allocation is more responsive to individuals and household characteristics than men’s in both periods. The last paper examines the relationship between gender occupational intensity and gender differences in pay in the Northern Triangle of Central America using national surveys carried out in 2014 in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. For that, a harmonized occupational classification at the 2-digit-level is built with the objective of analyzing the occupational distribution across countries. Through quantile regressions, it is analyzed what factors may affect gender differences along the wage distribution, considering individuals and household variables and occupation patterns. The comparative analysis suggests that women are always at a disadvantage when compared to men in the labor market. Finally, the findings show wage penalties for working in female-dominated occupations along the distribution. However, gender differences across female occupational intensity quantiles are noted, the effect of this variable is higher at the lower quantile of the distribution for women, especially in El Salvador and Honduras.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2020-06-30T12:21:08Z
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2020-06-30T12:21:08Z
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2020-05-22
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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url http://hdl.handle.net/1843/33715
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv UFMG
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv Brasil
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv FACE - FACULDADE DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFMG
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